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Dairy cattle ruminal performance
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Protein degradation by ruminal microbes results in the formation of ammonia, and peptides and amino acids ( AA ) are intermediates in this process. Ammonia that accumulates in excess of microbial requirements is converted to urea in the liver and excreted in the urine, resulting in inefficient nitrogen ( N ) utilization by the animal. Mounting evidence indicates that peptides and free AA stimulate microbial fermentation and yield. Furthermore, di- and tripeptides may contribute to...
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As dairy herd sizes increase and group housing becomes more predominant, it's now more important than ever to understand factors that can affect a cow's behaviour. A complete assessment of your feeding system and adjusting it as needed can have a positive impact your herd's health and productivity.
Researchers have looked into many aspects of feeding over the past few years. Let's take a closer look at group housing, total mixed ration [TMR] feeding and cow feeding patterns to see...
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Many research projects have shown that feeding undegradable, or bypass, protein supplements has a positive effect on milk production. Common sources of undegradable protein are dried distillers grains, blood meal, meat and bone meal, corn gluten meal and feather meal. Generally, any cow producing over 5 kg milk/100 kg of body weight could benefit from undegradable intake protein (UIP); however, we often receive phone calls asking why the feeding of such supplements had no effect on milk...
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Calf-raising is an essential part of a dairy operation. The primary goals during the early weeks of a calf's life are to develop a strong immune system and to stimulate rumen development. If these goals are met, low stress weaning at six weeks of age or less can occur. A USDA survey showed that over 58% of producers wean their calves at 6 to 8 weeks of age with over 15% waiting until 12 weeks of age or later.
The motivation for early weaning is simple: every day it takes to wean your...
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We are sciencing the global food challenge - Because it's all about life | Evonik
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One of the most prevalent metabolic diseases among dairy cows is subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Unfortunately it is also one of the more difficult to diagnose and prevent. The economic consequences of SARA are mind boggling. It has been estimated that the North American dairy industry loses between $500 million and $1 billion annually to SARA with a cost per affected cow of $1.40/day. SARA The pH (acidity) of rumen fluid is...
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Fat contains over two times the amount of energy found in grain. This makes it a very good energy supplement for early lactation cows. The intake of supplemental fat should not exceed 5% of the ration. This corresponds to approximately 0.7 to 0.9 kg fat/day (1.5 to 2 lbs). If this is exceeded, rumen fermentation can be affected and milk fat depression, reduced feed intake and off-feed problems may occur. There are three sources of supplemental fat. ...
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A wireless measuring system, consisting of sensors and transmission units, helps to keep livestock healthier with a minimum use of resources. Gone are the good old days when farmers knew all their cows by name. There is little time left for the animals in today’s dairy industry. And it is easy to overlook the first signs of disease. This situation can now be remedied by a tiny sensor in the cow’s rumen, which monitors the animal’s state of health and raises the alarm in good...
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High quality forages are the backbone of every feeding program. For years, dairy producers have been cutting forages early to maximize protein and energy content. Too often though, these forages do not result in the milk production one might expect from the feeding of high quality forage. What has gone wrong? An important function of forages is to provide the fibre necessary for rumen function. Cutting forage early improves quality (protein, digestibility) but decreases the fibre...
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Ruminants make efficient use of diets that are poor in true protein content because microbes in the rumen are able to synthesize a large proportion of the animal’s required protein. The amino acid (AA) pattern of this protein is of better quality than nearly all of the dietary ingredients commonly fed to domestic ruminants (Broderick, 1994; Schwab, 1996). In addition, ruminal microbial utilization of ammonia allows the feeding of nonprotein N (NPN) compounds, such as urea, as well as the...
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Evaluations of four soybean meal (SBM) products were conducted. The products were: solvent SBM (SSBM), expeller SBM (ESBM), lignosulfonate-treated SBM (LSBM), and SSBM treated with 0.05% Baker's yeast and toasted at 212ºF (YSBM). In situ ruminal degradations of YSBM and LSBM were slower than those of SSBM or ESBM; thus, ruminally undegraded protein contents of YSBM and LSBM were greater than those of SSBM or ESBM. The ruminally undegraded protein of all SBM products had similar small...
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We are sciencing the global food challenge - Because it's all about life | Evonik
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The global supplier of ingredients, Chr. Hansen, has been awarded the Grand Prix at International Veterinary Exhibition. The product awarded is the probiotic feed additive Rumenal. Rumenal is developed by the company Medipharm, which Chr. Hansen acquired in January 2008. Rumenal is a dietary supplement used to prevent unbalance of the mineral and energy metabolisms and to support the general state of health of dairy cows. Medipharm/Chr. Hansen, represented by Petr Mican,...
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Rumen degradable protein (RDP) is needed to feed the rumen bacteria and ensure an adequate supply of microbial protein but rumen undegradable protein (RUP) is also important. Microbial protein is the highest quality protein available and we want to produce as much as possible. Rumen undegradable protein passes through the rumen unchanged and some of it can be digested in the small intestine. It compliments the microbial protein that is produced and is necessary for cows producing at...
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Ruminal acidosis is a fairly well known digestive disorder (Owens et al., 1998). Acute acidosis occurs when a ruminant animal ingests quickly a large quantity of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. As a consequence, the rumen pH decreases below 5.0 and lactic acid accumulates in the rumen fluid and in the blood. Death is a common outcome. Before this dramatic event, there is subclinical acidosis (5.5 ...
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Fiber is another term for the cell wall of plants. Plant cell wall is generally less digestible than the cell contents. Since cows require a minimum amount of effective (generally forage) fiber in their diets and this fiber is frequently poorly digested, fiber is often viewed as a necessary evil in dairy cow rations. Cell wall is measured by determining neutral detergent fiber (NDF). The detergent fiber system was developed during a period when nutritionists were establishing uniform...
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Animal feeding trials are expensive. Animals must be obtained, properly housed and fed, and provided with necessary veterinary care. The cost of live animal research is even greater when large animals such as dairy cows are used. A practical alternative to live beef and dairy animal research is the artificial rumen. Artificial rumen technology has been available for more than 25 years. Early systems placed a bolus of feed into a sealable vessel containing rumen fluid. After 12 hours of...
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Elanco Animal Health reports that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval for feeding Rumensin to dairy cows in component-feeding systems, and has expanded the Rumensin label to allow feeding to dairy replacement heifers raised in drylots.
Component-feeding systems include supplements that are fed in the parlor, in electronic feeders or as a topdress.
The new label for Rumensin has updated mixing and feeding directions for these supplements, which the FDA calls Type C...
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We are sciencing the global food challenge - Because it's all about life | Evonik
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The live yeast culture Yea-Sacc®1026 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae CBS 493.94) has been granted permanent authorisation for use throughout the EU as a zootechnical additive. Yea-Sacc®1026 has received EU definitive approval (E 1704) for use in dairy diets.
This latest approval for Yea-Sacc®1026 reaffirms the product's standing as the most widely accredited yeast culture on the market, being the only product of its type that is officially authorized for all classes of cattle as well as for equine...
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Lallemand was granted permanent authorisation from the European Commission for its rumen-specific yeast Levucell SC as a feed additive for dairy and beef cattle (Brussels 28 -29 June 2005).
Authorisation has been granted for both formulations of Levucell SC: Levucell SC 20 (20.109 CFU/g ) and Levucell SC 10ME (10.109 CFU/g, in a unique and patented micro encapsulated form, specifically adapted for pelleted feed). It covers performance claims of increase in milk and meat quantities, quality...
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved Elanco's application to expand the allowable range of Rumensin (monensin sodium) in dry feed supplements for dairy cows. These supplements, known as Type B feeds, must be mixed with other ingredients before they are fed. Now Type B dry feeds may include an increased range of 23 g/ton to 80,000 g/ton of Rumensin on a dry matter basis (rather than the previous range of 40 g/ton to 80,000 g/ton).
This expanded range adds flexibility as...
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Rain and sun have worked their grass-greening magic on pastures, but cattle producers know that too much of a good thing can be detrimental. Excess consumption of newly emerged wheat in pastures can cause bloating in cattle, Texas Cooperative Extension reports.
“We have a bloat problem in stocker cattle grazing wheat from Central Texas to the Panhandle,” said Extension livestock specialist Dr. Joe Paschal.
Spurred on by plenty of soil moisture, winter wheat grew “fast and tall,” said Dr....
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