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Mycotoxins in food
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1. Introduction Fungi are major pathogens for plants, causing significant economic losses. Fungal infestation of crops at the pre- and post-harvest stages is also a risk for animal health, as they produce secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities; some are severely toxic to humans and animals. These toxic metabolites are commonly denoted mycotoxins, and their adverse health effects are described as mycotoxicosis to differentiate their pathogenesis...
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The continuous pursuit of a sustainable food system remains a global priority, with increased food security and minimization of postharvest loss as primary objectives. This is a critical issue, as recent estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Reports on the State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2023 indicate that hunger affected a staggering number of individuals ranging from approximately 691 million to 783 million people in 2022, with an approximate midrange...
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Introduction Diaporthe eres was recently reported as the causal agent of hazelnut defects, which produces brown spots on the kernel surface or internal discoloration, which become visible inside the fruits after being cut in half (half-cut; [1, 2]). D. eres, was also associated, together with other Diaporthe spp., for causing wood cankers of fruit and nut crops in northern California [3], associated with black tip and necrotic spots on hazelnut kernles in Chile [4] and...
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Introduction Cashew trees ( Anacardium occidentale ) are among the main cash crops in Coastal Kenya. They are grown by small-holder farmers in Kilifi, Kwale, Mombasa, Tana River and Lamu counties for their nuts [1]. Processed cashew nuts and cashew nut products are among the most widely traded nut goods globally and their demand is rising rapidly [2]. Despite, the increasing global demand, cashew nut production in Kenya has suffered numerous constraints which are linked to the...
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Mycotoxin tests are tools, and like any tool, you need the one that fits your goals. Sometimes tests aim to be sensitive and compliant, others fast and simple. One common way to categorize types of mycotoxin tests is differentiating regular versus rapid testing. What Is a Regular Test? Regular tests are...
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In the realm of food safety, mycotoxins present a significant challenge to manufacturers, processors, and regulatory bodies alike. These toxic compounds, produced by certain fungi under specific environmental conditions, can contaminate various food and feed products, posing serious health risks to consumers and...
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INTRODUCTION Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is the most widespread crop in the Mediterranean area. Sixty-seven percent of the Italian production of durum wheat comes from the Southern regions and it is used mainly for producing pasta (Fagnano et al., 2012). Quaranta et al. (2010) confirmed the importance of environmental local conditions in driving mycotoxin contamination in durum wheat. They reported that Southern Italy is an area particularly suitable for producing high...
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1. Introduction Mycotoxins are naturally occurring secondary metabolites produced by various genera of molds, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. About 400 mycotoxins have been identified, with some of the most important ones being aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), Ochratoxin (OTA), and deoxynivalenol (DON) [1]. The consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated foods can have serious health consequences, being potentially fatal, depending on the specific...
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All-in-one mycotoxin extraction method for faster time-to-results - Myco 5-in-1 PLUS
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1. Introduction As Thomas Edison once said, “The doctor of the future will no longer treat the human frame with drugs, but will rather cure and prevent disease with nutrition” [1]. Nowadays, one in every five deaths across the globe are attributable to a suboptimal diet, more than other risk factors, such as tobacco [2]. A multitude of chronic diseases related to an improper diet have emerged; thus, more and more experiments regarding the quality of food as a part of...
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INTRODUCTION Fermented beverages constitute a major part of the diets of traditional African homes (Tafere, 2015). In Nigeria, traditional beverages are widely consumed and mostly preferred to commercial soft drinks by individuals from low income settings due to their relatively low cost of production and high nutritional benefits (Ezekiel et al., 2015). Kunu is a traditional beverage produced principally from single or mixed cereals such as maize, millet, rice, or sorghum. In...
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INTRODUCTION Fungi plays a substantial role in spoilage of agricultural commodities and produces a variety of toxic secondary metabolites called mycotoxins that are harmful to humans and farm animals (Andersen and Thrane, 2006; Van Egmond et al., 2007; Mudili et al., 2014; Venkataramana et al., 2014; Muthulakshmi et al., 2018). The fungal infestations primarily commence at pre-harvesting and post-harvesting times owed to inappropriate agronomic practices (Neme and Mohammed, 2017)....
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Introduction An estimated 30 to 50% of food commodities are lost during pre-harvest or post-harvest globally, which does not only threaten global food security but wastes 1.47–1.96 Gha of arable land, 0.75–1.25 trillion cubic meters of water and 1 to 1.5% of global energy (Fox and Fimeche, 2013). The pre-harvest and postharvest losses in food commodities may occur due to attack by several biotic and abiotic factors. In storage system, fungal bio-deterioration of stored...
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All-in-one mycotoxin extraction method for faster time-to-results - Myco 5-in-1 PLUS
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INTRODUCTION Sugarcane is one of the top ten food crops in the world and an important economic crop in many tropical countries [1]. Sugarcane is infested with many plant pathogens including fungi, bacteria, and viruses as well as, insect pests. The genus Fusarium is one of the most devastating plant pathogens producing several mycotoxins [2]. Two species of Fusarium including F. subglutinans and F. sacchariare well reported to cause Pokkahboeng disease of sugarcane. Fusarium...
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By Michele Suman
New Food Magazine
With mycotoxins on the rise, food safety and authenticity expert Michele Suman looks at how to deploy tandem mass spectrometry for mycotoxin quantification
Mycotoxin contamination seriously threatens the safety and stability of global food chains. Produced by fungi, these potentially toxic secondary metabolites affect a broad range of foodstuffs,...
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Wheat—the most widely cultivated crop in the world—is under growing attack from harmful toxins. Across Europe, almost half of wheat crops are impacted by the fungal infection that gives rise to these toxins, according to a study led by fungal biologist Dr. Neil Brown from the U.K.'s University of Bath, in collaboration with colleagues at the University of Exeter.
These troublesome "mycotoxins" are produced by the fungus that causes Fusarium Head Blight, a disease that...
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INTRODUCTION The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated that 25% of global food crops are contaminated with mycotoxins 1 . Recently, the prevalence of the mycotoxins detected in food and feed crops was reported to be up to 60–80%2 . Aflatoxins are the major ones among all mycotoxins and produced by Aspergillus spp. upon and after infection of crops. They are genotoxic and carcinogenic to animals and humans 3–6 . From the different...
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Introduction Aflatoxins are toxic, secondary metabolites synthesized by some fungi species in the genus Aspergillus, mainly those belonging to the species A. flavus, A. nomius, and A. parasiticus (Ismaiel et al., 2020). Aflatoxins are considered the most important mycotoxins, given their carcinogenic and hepatotoxic effects on animals and humans (Bhat et al., 2010). Among several types of aflatoxins, the most frequent ones found as natural contaminants of foodstuffs are aflatoxins...
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