Entang Bustanudin

1. INTRODUCTIONAvian influenza virus (AIV) infects different types of birds, including chickens, causing respiratory or systemic diseases that vary in severity and cause heavy losses to the poultry industry in the world (Goudrazi et al., 2013). This disease is caused by type A influenza virus that belong to family Orthomyxoviridae. To date, 18 H subtypes have been recognized (H1 to H18) and 11 N s ...

Newcastle Disease, caused by Avian Paramyxovirus-1 (APMV-1), is a highly contagious viral disease affecting wild and domestic birds. Neurological and respiratory manifestations are most common, with viral strain and host species influencing susceptibility and virulence. Although clinical signs range from asymptomatic to lethal, APMV-1 is significant to the poultry industry as mortality may reach 1 ...