Michael Rothrock Jr.

INTRODUCTIONListeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive, facultative anaerobe that is the causative agent of listeriosis (Gudbjörnsdóttir et al., 2004). They are considered saprophytic organisms with the capability to adapt to an ever-changing environment because they possess multiple stress response mechanisms to overcome varying temperatures, salt concentrations and pH (Berrang et al., ...

1. IntroductionListeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen of notable concern, especially due to its growth under household refrigeration temperatures (40 ◦F, 4 ◦C) and at a pH range of 4.5 to 9.6 [1–3]. Listeria monocytogenes has been subdivided into four phylogenetic evolutionary lineages due to variations in ecology recombination rates and genomic content [4,5]. Lineage I c ...

INTRODUCTION Antibiotics have given significant contributions to the human food production chain during their almost 80 years of use. Such contributions include a reduced incidence of bacterial disease, improved animal health status, and an overall enhancement in production efficiency (1, 2). However, due to concerns of antimicrobial resistance and its consequences to human health, the entire food ...

INTRODUCTIONThe poultry gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is home to a complex, dynamic, and variable bacterial-dominated microbiota (Zhu et al., 2002). This GIT microbiome variation may be explained by different host characteristics and environmental factors (Kers et al., 2018), including birds age (Ballou et al., 2016; Pedroso et al., 2016), sex (Torok et al., 2013; Zhao et al., 2013), type and breed ...

INTRODUCTIONAccording to the World Health Organization, Campylobacter is a leading cause of the diarrheal disease (World Health Organization [WHO], 2018). The genus Campylobacter is comprised of over 20 species. Strains of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are generally considered some of the more significant concerns among foodborne pathogens for human health (Korczak et al., 2006; Have ...

IntroductionA 42-year history of information on Salmonella enterica serotypes indicates it is essential to rapidly determine serotype and subtype of isolates from contaminated products to improve the safety of food (Liu et al., 2011; Fabre et al., 2012; CDC-NCEZID, 2013; Lettini et al., 2014). Recently, a sequence-based method called dkgB-linked intergenic sequence ribotyping (ISR) became availabl ...

INTRODUCTION Campylobacter is a leading cause of human gastroenteritis in the United States and worldwide (Corcionivoschi et al., 2012; Sibanda et al., 2018). In the United States alone, the Centers for Disease Controls and Prevention (CDC) estimates an annual 1.3 million cases occurring per year (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2018). From 1999 to 2008, Campylobacter was estima ...