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Additives and feedstuffs in dairy cattle nutrition
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When feeding lactating dairy cows it is best to limit amounts of certain feeds. Reasons can be problems with palatability, high oil or fat content, and imbalances of certain nutrients. Knowing these restrictions can prevent problems from occurring. Also, combinations of some of these feeds can be a problem if the maximums are used with no regard to type and amount of nutrients that are provided. This is where your nutritionist can be an asset in identifying optimal relationships with...
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The U.S. Grains Council, a non-profit organization charged with building global markets for America's grain, arranges feeding trials to include distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a co-product of U.S. ethanol production, all over the world. These trials help to determine the cost effectiveness and viability of the product as a competitive feed ingredient in world markets. Most recently, Council Consultant Dr. Randy Shaver, a dairy science professor at the University of...
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Dry cow nutrition might not be the first thing on your mind given current challenges facing the dairy industry. However, proper dry cow nutrition is critically important to improve success in early lactation. Cows fed appropriately during the dry period transition more smoothly, have fewer health problems, and are more productive. It is important to develop a dry cow diet(s) based on a sound forage program. Most successful dry cow diets consist of approximately 70 to 80% forages;...
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We evaluated the effect of supplementing typical dairy diets with yeast and fibrolytic enzymes on dairy cow performance. Twentyfour Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effects of yeast (Procreatin-7, a live culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and various amounts of FP800 (a fibrolytic enzyme mixture) on lactation performance. Treatments were arranged in a 4 × 2 factorial design consisting of 8 treatments: 0, 5, 10, or 15 g of FP800 per day and 0 or 5 g of Procreatin-7 per day. Design and...
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One of the biggest factors affecting farm/ranch profitability is the herd's reproductive rate. Producers need female animals to produce one healthy calf each year, and improper nutrition, particularly in young females, can have a dramatic effect on reproductive performance. Special attention must be paid to developing and first/second calf heifers.
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Have you eaten at one of those ‘all you can eat’ buffets recently? It’s a challenge (if not impossible) to stop eating even when you have met the recommended energy intake for your body size and work load for the day. If you are like me you might think to yourself, just one more dessert. Dry cows do a poor job of regulating energy intake as well. Data collected at the University of Illinois over the last ten years demonstrates that cows will consume 40-80% more energy than required during both...
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Courtesy of the 41st Annual University of Nottingham Feed Conference Our thanks to the author and Conference Organisers, a Committee consisting of both University and Industry colleagues. The full paper will appear in the Conference Proceedings ('Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition - 2007', edited by Phil Garnsworthy and Julian Wiseman) published by Nottingham University Press in...
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Reducing cull rates and improving fertility in early lactation has a dramatic effect on the profitability of many dairies. Continuing research on transition cow nutrition has led to the development of an array of nutritional strategies to prevent disorders during the transition period. It is important, however, to realize that some of these strategies have similar modes of action, and as such, their effects are not likely to be additive. Producers should work...
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Twenty-four lactating Holstein cows were used to determine the production response to the inclusion of brown seaweed in the basal diet during summer heat stress. Cows were blocked by lactation number, days in milk, and energy-corrected milk and then allotted to either a control or control + brown seaweed diet. Cattle on the brown seaweed diet were fed 4 ounces per cow per day for 7 days , and then 2 ounces per cow per day for 14 days, before the start of the experiment. All cattle were housed...
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NEXT Enhance® 300 is a standardised combination of garlic oil and cinnamaldehyde, an active ingredient of cinnamon extract. This combination acts to optimise fermentation characteristics in the dairy cow leading to higher milk production and milk component yields for the user. Continuing to understand the mechanisms behind the consistent benefits in animal trials, Carotenoid Technologies SA (CaroTech®) has worked exclusively with the Zootechnical Department at the University of...
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The role of pasture in dairy management systems is lessening with the trend towards more intensive operations and increased production. The high moisture content of pasture makes it difficult for milking cows to consume the large amounts of feed necessary to support the high levels of production expected. Many dairy producers do, however, effectively utilize pasture as part of their feeding program. Advantages of pasture include improved health and reproduction due to exercise, more...
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Depending on cost, byproducts from the grain-processing industry can have an economic advantage in your dairy rations. The following is information adapted from “Economics of Making Nutritional Decisions with Volatile Feed Prices,” an article Normand St-Pierre of Ohio State University and Joanna Knapp of Fox Hollow Consulting presented at the High Plains Dairy Conference in Albuquerque, N.M., this spring. Strategically, one should benefit from maximizing the use of feeds...
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Essential oils are not required by dairy animals, but rather are compounds that have an aroma or “essence”. Some examples are allicin from garlic, thymol from thyme and oregano, capsaicin from hot peppers, eugenol from cloves, pinene from Juniper berries, limonene from dill, and cinnamonaldehyde from cinnamon, to mention a few common oils (see table). These compounds are usually an oily substance that is recovered by a steam distillation process. The most common and important activities of...
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A call came in the other day about feed costs. This producer’s costs had increased like everyone else's, but he was wondering about substitutions for soybean meal in the lactating cow ration. The August crop report had just come out and the concern was that the low soybean yield estimate would cause protein prices to increase. Just the month before, he had experienced a big increase in animal protein prices. To answer his question, our discussion focused on three things. First, the...
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The general guideline out of Cornell University is to have a growth goal for dairy calves of doubling their birth weight by 56 days of age. For example, a heifer calf that weighs 100 lb at birth should be fed a balance of nutrients in order to reach a weight of 200 lb by day 56. This means the calf must have an average daily gain (ADG) of 1.78 lb/day over that time period. Let’s assume with a group of calves that the ADG goal has been met, the calves are strong and healthy, and now it’s...
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The hot days in May are a reminder the heat of summer is coming. As we move into June, July, August and even September the hot days of summer will challenge our dairy cows. It is not too early to begin making changes in your diets to help cows manage the stresses of heat and humidity. When cows actually feel heat stress is a function of both temperature and humidity. In very dry conditions, 10 to 20% humidity, cows may not show signs of heat stress until temperatures are in the mid to...
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Ethanol is produced when starch in corn grain is fermented. Most other constituents in the grain remain unchanged. The end product of the corn is distiller’s grains or DDGS (distiller’s grains with solubles). The DDGS retain the original fatty acids, protein, and phosphorus. In addition, variability in the grain nutrient content used in the fermentation process and the actual process itself results in a feed with variable nutrient content. Distiller’s grains can be fed either in the wet (less...
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If you are buying very much feed from off farm sources, you are well aware of higher feed prices. But what is your feed cost per cow per day or feed cost per hundred weight? What is a reasonable cost in today’s market? Is there anything you can do to alleviate some of the tightening of margins? Below is a feed cost calculator worksheet. It is a guide to calculate the cost per head per day for any animal on your farm whether they are a lactating or dry cow as well as calves or heifers....
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Dietary cation-anion difference, or DCAD, is a measure you should be using in both dry and lactating cows. In close-up dry cows, a negative DCAD can help prevent metabolic problems and in lactating cows, a positive DCAD can help increase milk production and milk components. The most common equation to determine DCAD is based on the dietary concentration of the cation minerals sodium (Na) and potassium (K), and the anion minerals chloride (Cl) and sulfur (S). The DCAD formula is as...
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Fats, or lipids, are part of all dairy cattle diets and are an essential component of them. All dairy animals consume forages, which are typically 3 to 3.5% fat or higher whether alfalfa, grass or corn silage. Additionally, corn grain is about 3.5% fat as well. Lactating cow diets with additional feeds such as cottonseed or corn distillers would have a basal diet level of over 4% fat. As milk production has increased, the need for greater energy density in lactating cow diets has necessitated...
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