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Dairy cattle metabolic diseases
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Introduction Suboptimal milk yield limits the U.S. dairy industry’s productive competitiveness, marginalizes efforts to reduce inputs into food production, and increases animal agriculture’s carbon footprint. There are a variety of circumstances in a cow’s life which result in hindered productivity including heat stress, rumen and hindgut acidosis, feed restriction, and psychological stress associated with normal animal practices (i.e., pen changes, weaning,...
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This passage provides an overview of the concept of Metabolic Inflammation (MI) in dairy cattle during the first several weeks of lactation. It explains that inflammation is an important physiological response, but when it persists for a long time, it can lead to negative effects on animal health and productivity. The passage also notes that there is still much to be learned about the causes and consequences of Metabolic Inflammation (Mi) in dairy cattle, and that further research is needed...
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The inclusion of plant extracts in livestock feed supplements has been widely researched as a strategy to replace synthetic feed additives and improve animal health and production traits. Among several plant metabolites, tannins have attracted significant attention in regards to dairy cows. Tannins are water soluble plant polyphenol metabolites known for a binding affinity for proteins, amino acids, metal ions and polysaccharides (Makkar, 2003; Mueller-Harvey, 2006). They have the ability to...
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INTRODUCTION Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is defined as elevated concentrations of ketone bodies in the absence of clinical signs of ketosis. It is an important metabolic disease in dairy cattle during early lactation period and has been associated with decreased milk production, impaired reproductive performance, displaced abomasums, metritis, mastitis, and clinical ketosis (Duffield,2001). During the early postpartum...
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Dairy cows alter their metabolic, hormonal, mineral, and immunological systems as they transition from pregnancy to lactation. Following parturition cows are unable to consume enough nutrients to meet the energetic demands of lactation (and maintenance costs) and as...
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Rumen-protected lysine (Lys) and methionine (Met) are becoming common fixtures in dairy rations, particularly in those where milk is sold not only for volume, but also for the component values.
Research and practice have shown repeatedly that improving the Lys and Met profiles in the diet (where increased dietary levels of these limiting amino acids are available to the small intestine) results in increased milk volume,...
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Introduction The periparturient period in dairy cows is characterized by substantial metabolic stress, endocrine changes, depressed feed intake, and negative energy balance [1]. In response to these changes, dairy cows mobilize adipose tissue triglyceride (TG), leading to elevated non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations in the blood. The high flux of blood NEFA to the liver often exceeds the capacity of the liver to completely oxidize NEFA to CO 2 , resulting in...
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Nutrient and energy balance during transition period in dairy cows - Pierre Lacasse
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1. Introduction Lameness is one of the most significant diseases currently impacting on dairy cow health, welfare and productivity (Huxley, 2013). Since a first occurrence of lameness increases the future risk of lameness (Hirst et al., 2002; Green et al., 2014; Randall et al., 2015), lameness in dairy heifers has the potential to have a severe impact on their overall lifetime performance within the herd. The...
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INTRODUCTION Digital dermatitis (DD) is a widespread infectious foot lesion in cattle that typically causes painful ulcerative lesions (Cheli and Mortellaro, 1974; Read and Walker, 1998). Digital dermatitis has become endemic in intensively managed dairy systems (Blowey, 2005), affecting 70 to 95% of North American dairy farms (Cramer et al., 2008; USDA, 2009; Solano et al., 2016). The prevalence of DD is higher in cows managed in confinement housing than in pasture-based...
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1. Introduction It has long been recognized that being able to accurately assess conformational traits could be of significant benefit when determining selection policies and gauging the impact of factors, such as the environment and nutrition, on the hoof and on the risk of lameness [1]. Claw horn quality has been defined as the “ product of horn characteristics, claw shape and the anatomy and physiology of inner structure ” [2]. There is, thus, a need to...
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Introduction In non-ruminants, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) play a crucial role in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism and inflammatory responses [1]. The PPAR family is composed of three subtypes: PPAR-gamma (PPARG), PPAR-alpha (PPARA), and PPARδ/β (PPARD), among which the expression of PPARG and PPARA subtypes are associated with adipogenesis/lipogenesis and catabolism of fatty...
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Introduction The peripartal or “transition” period in taurine cattle is considered the most important phase of the lactation cycle because during this time animals are most-susceptible to metabolic or infectious disorders (Drackley 1999; Van Knegsel et al. 2014). The immune and innate host resistance mechanisms (Mallard et al. 1998) are impaired during the peripartal period, often rendering cows unable to...
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Introduction The liver performs essential functions in mammals. These include, but are not limited to, gluconeogenesis and glycogen synthesis, synthesis of several plasma proteins encompassing clotting factors and acute phase proteins (APP) (e.g., haptoglobin, albumin, and fibrinogen), metabolism of amino acids and lipids, and detoxification including ammonia removal [1,2]. During the period around parturition in dairy...
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INTRODUCTION An adequate supply of macro and micronutrients, such as trace minerals (e.g., Zn, Mn, Cu, Co), is important for ensuring an optimal transition from pregnancy to lactation (Andrieu, 2008). For instance, trace minerals have critical roles in a variety of physiological process, particularly antioxidant defense, and a deficiency may depress immunity especially in peripartal or transition cows (Spears and Weiss,...
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Milk quality is considered a welfare issue. Most dairy cooperatives have established quality-based payment programs to provide incentives to improve milk quality (Botaro et al. 2013). Total bacterial count, somatic cell count (SCC), and milk lipid and protein contents are some measurements that either result in the application of a penalty or in the receipt of a premium (Renau 2001). These parameters are also utilised not...
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Nutrient and energy balance during transition period in dairy cows - Pierre Lacasse
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Introduction During early lactation (i.e. the first 60 days of lactation), the massive repartition of nutrients to the mammary gland for milk synthesis has been identified as a major contributor to the high risk of developing diseases [1]. This repartition of energy toward the mammary gland is not compensated via feed intake, that is also reaching a nadir during early lactation [1]. The requirement of energy and nutrients...
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1. Introduction During calving nutritional requirements increase rapidly with lactation. Ketosis, or acetonaemia, is a multifactorial disorder of energy metabolism i.e. metabolic disorder and is largely a management influenced disease in dairy cows in early lactation (Shpigel et al., 1996; Ingvartsen, 2006). Hyperketonemia is associated with an increase of oxidative stress levels (Youssef et al., 2010). Most of the...
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One of the main problems faced by cattle raising are metabolic diseases. Many of these diseases are of nutritional origin, besides the stressful effect for animal overexploitation, and the high production requirements that cause that nutritional support is not sufficient. Faced with this problem, a correct formulation of the ration, as well as a supplementation with minerals, vitamins and amino acids becomes essential (McDowell, 1984).
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Hi, I´m a student of D.V.M 4th year. I want to treat animals who have developed acidosis due to excessive feeding or intake of concentrate(grains). How can I treat small animals particularly goat although I already administered sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) but no effective result achieved. Could anybody recommend an effective treatment of acidosis? ...
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