Conclusions New developments, particularly improvements in the sensitivity and specificity of analysis of mineral concentration in feeds and animal tissues and identification of biochemical indices to characterize mineral deficiency, have been useful in mineral nutrition research of fish. Advances in the knowledge of bioavailability, homeostasis, and appropriate indices of toxicity in aquatic animal nutrition will increase the use of plant proteins in aquafeeds as well as the major concerns for the impact of minerals on aquatic environment quality. These areas of research provide challenges and opportunities to address the pertinent environmental and health concerns of mineral nutrition in fish. |
References
Apines, M.J., S. Satoh, V. Kiron, T. Watanabe and S. Fujita. 2003. Bioavailability and tissue distribution of amino acid-chelated trace elements in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish. Sci. 69:722-730.
Bury N.R., P.A. Walker and C.N. Glover. 2003. Nutritive metal uptake in teleost fish. J. Exp. Biol. 206:11-23.
Handy, R.D. 1995. Dietary exposure to trace metals in fish. In: Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution (E.W. Taylor, ed). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 29-60.
Higgs, D.A., B.S. Dosanjh, A.F. Prendergast, R.M. Beames, R.W, Hardy, W. Riley and G. Deacon. 1995. Use of rapeseed/canola protein products in finfish diets. In: Nutrition and Utilization Technology in Aquaculture (C. Lim and D.J. Sessa, eds). AOCS Press, IL, USA, pp. 130-160.
Lall, S.P. 2003. Minerals. In: Fish Nutrition (J.E. Halver and R.W. Hardy, eds). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 260-308.
Lall S.P. and F.J. Bishop. 1977. Studies on mineral and protein utilization by Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) grown in seawater. Fish. Mar. Serv. Tech. Rep. 688:1-16.
Li, M.H. and E.H. Robinson. 1996. Comparison of chelated zinc and zinc sulphate as zinc sources for growth and bone mineralization of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fed practical diets. Aquaculture 146:237-243.
McDowell, L.R. 2003. Minerals in Animal and Human Nutrition (2nd Edition). Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Paripatananont, T. and R.T. Lovell. 1997. Comparative net absorption of chelated inorganic and inorganic trace elements in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, diets. J. World Aquacul. Soc. 28:62-67.
Sarkar, S.A., S. Satoh and V. Kiron. 2005. Supplementation of citric acid and amino acid-chelated trace element to develop environment-friendly feed for red sea bream, Pagus major. Aquaculture 248:3-11.
Storebakken, T., S. Refstie and B. Ruyter. 2000. Soy products as fat and protein sources in fish feeds for intensive aquaculture. In: Soy in Animal Nutrition (J.K. Drackley, ed). Federation of Animal Science Societies, IL, USA, pp. 127-170.
Taylor, E.W. 1996. Toxicology of Aquatic Pollution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Verbost, P.M., G. Flik, J.C. Fenwick, A.M. Greko, P.K.T. Pang, and S.E. Wendelar Bonga. 1993. Branchial calcium uptake: possible mechanisms of control by stanniocalcin. Fish Physiol. Biochem. 11:205-215.
Wagner, G.F., M. Haddad, R.C. Firgher, C. Milliken and D.H. Copp. 1998. Calcium is an equipotent stimulator of stanniocalcin secretion in freshwater and seawater salmon. Gen. Comp. Endoc. 108:186-191.
Wang, C., R.T. Lovell and P.H. Klesius. 1997. Response to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge by channel catfish fed organic and inorganic sources of selenium. J. Aq. An. Health. 9:172-179.