Necrotic Enteritis in the Post-AGP Era: A Complex Multifactorial Challenge

This review provides important insights into the complexity of necrotic enteritis in the post-AGP era. Beyond the well-known multifactorial drivers, NE also raises broader One Health concerns, as shifts in gut microbiota, antimicrobial resistance pressures, and environmental stressors link poultry health to ecosystem and public-health outcomes. Moving forward, integrating One Health strategies—combining microbiome ecology, immunomodulation, environmental management, and precision nutrition—will be essential. A deeper molecular understanding of virulence expression, especially in non-NetB or atypical C. perfringens strains, remains a critical gap that future research must address.