Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Five Vaccines Against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1, Clade 2.3.4.4b, in Fattening Geese
Published:January 19, 2026
Summary
1. Introduction The ongoing pandemic of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of subtype H5N1 (goose/Guangdong lineage [gs/GD]), clade 2.3.4.4b, is posing an unprecedented threat, impacting both industrial and small-scale poultry operations [1,2]. Similarly, HPAIV infections in wild birds, particularly those leading to mass mortalities among colony-breeding species, are exerting si...