Article published the January 7, 2021
Introduction
Salmonellosis is a significant global public health issue and causes high morbidity rate and has a significant economic impact. Foodborne diseases persist in many countries and consider the most important public health problem. There is global improvement in food processing practices, hygiene measures, education of food handlers on the potential risks and information to consumers for ...
Article published the December 21, 2020
1. Introduction
The poultry industry has been suffering from several pathogens in Egypt during recent decades, including avian influenza viruses (AIV) that may be either highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAIV; H5N1, H5N2, H5N8) or low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAIV; H9N2) viruses, velogenic Newcastle disease virus (vNDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV; variant 1, variant 2, and classic wi ...
Article published the September 9, 2020
INTRODUCTION
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is Avian avulavirus type-1 that belongs to the genus Avulavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae (Swayne and Glisson, 2013). Newcastle disease virus isolates vary in their pathogenicity to chickens and may include at least 3 pathotypes; lento-genic (low virulence), mesogenic (moderate virulence), and velogenic (high virulence). Velogenic NDV remain a major ...
Article published the August 12, 2020
Introduction
Viral safety and potency are considered the two cornerstones for production of satisfactory vaccines. The three main aspects of viral safety of vaccines are the residual pathogenicity of vaccine virus, the presence of extraneous agents, and the inadequate inactivation of vaccine virus (Dodet et al. 2010). Vaccine safety mostly have the priority over the potency; as the problems origi ...
Article published the August 5, 2020
Introduction
Newcastle disease (ND) is considered one of the most important poultry viral diseases in terms of worldwide distribution and economic impacts. The NDV is classified into lentogenic, mesogenic, and velogenic strains according to the pathogenicity in chickens. The NDV is classified as a member of the orthoavulavirus genus of subfamily Avulavirinae in the Paramyxoviridae family. ...
Article published the July 2, 2020
1. Introduction
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a single-stranded enveloped RNA virus that belongs to the genus Gammacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae [1]. The virus causes a clinical disease characterized by coughing, sneezing, tracheal rales, and watery eyes. In layer and breeder chickens, the disease is associated with both quantity and quality deterioration of egg production. Lesions in ...
Article published the July 2, 2020
Introduction
Avian influenza is a highly contagious worldwide zoonosis caused by avian influenza A virus (AIV) (Wlliams, 2016). This virus is a single strand RNA, negative sense, segmented virus that belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae (Swayne and Glisson, 2013). Type-A influenza virus is isolated from birds and is termed avian influenza or avian flu (Alexander, 2000). The influenza virus cont ...
Article published the July 2, 2020
INTRODUCTION
Coccidiosis, caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria, is one of the most important parasitic diseases in chickens and is characterized by intestinal lesions, blood loss, body weight loss, a poor feed conversion ratio (FCR), increased susceptibility to other microorganisms and mortality1. Seven species of Eimeria that infect chickens cause hemorrhagic (E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. b ...
Article published the June 29, 2020
Introduction
The Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (IBD/IBDV) or Gumboro Disease is an acute highly contagious viral disease of young chickens characterized by a hemorrhagic syndrome, severe damage in cloacal bursa, immunosuppression and high mortality generally at 3 to 6 weeks of age (Eterradossi and Saif, 2013). IBD was first reported in 1957 in Southern Delaware town of Gumboro, U.S.A (Cosgrove, ...
Article published the June 29, 2020
1. INTRODUCTION
Necrotic enteritis is an emerging worldwide disease of poultry. It is characterized by sever diarrhea, necrotic inflammation of the intestinal tract and necrotic foci in liver, kidney and cecum (Kohler, 2000). The disease resulting in severe economic losses that exceed 2 billion US dollar / year due to bird losses, treatment costs and cost of disease preventive measures (Lovland ...