Feed additives are derived from many origins and have been used in the animal production industry with increased use in the last three decades due to positive impacts on animal health and performance. With changing consumer demands and concerns of antimicrobial resistance, legislation limited access to in-feed antimicrobials in Canada as of December 2018. This has further increased the interest in other feed additives to improve animal growth, health, and efficiency. Yeast is a natural feed additive available in many forms, strains, and doses for livestock production; however, the majority of research in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast supplementation in livestock has focused on dairy cattle. Although modes of action have been proposed, one of particular interest for feedlot cattle is the ability to stabilize ruminal pH. It is postulated that S. cerevisiae aids in reducing lactate accumulation in the rumen by stimulating the production of lactic acid utilizing bacteria, ultimately increasing rumen pH (Chaucheyras-Durand et al., 2008). For feedlot cattle, the late finishing phase is that of greatest risk for ruminal acidosis and subsequent liver abscess, and poor animal performance (Nagaraja and Chengappa, 1998; Castillo-Lopez et al., 2014). Research was conducted on late finishing feedlot cattle that were supplemented with S. cerevisiae (60 billion colony forming units; YST) and compared to those that were not supplemented (CON) to evaluate growth performance, carcass characteristics, and indicators of rumen health (Williams et al., 2021). The results of that experiment suggested that YST decreased carcass characteristics or rumen health (P ≥ 0.07). Although this trial improved feed efficiency, the mechanisms of action of yeast for beef cattle remain unclear. Our future research program aims to increase the understanding of the modes of action of yeast as a direct-fed microbial in high-grain finishing feedlot cattle diets for the improvement of animal performance and health.
Key words: yeast, saccharomyces cerevisiae, feedlot, beef.
Beauchemin, K. A., W. Z. Yang, D. P. Morgavi, G. R. Ghorbani, W. Kautz, and J. A. Z. Leedle. 2003. Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbials and yeast on site and extent of digestion, blood chemistry, and subclinical ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle1,2. J. Anim. Sci. Champaign. 81:1628–40.
Buntyn, J. O., T. B. Schmidt, D. J. Nisbet, and T. R. Callaway. 2016. The Role of Direct-Fed Microbials in Conventional Livestock Production. Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci. 4:335–355. doi:10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111123.
Castillo-Lopez, E., B. I. Wiese, S. Hendrick, J. J. McKinnon, T. A. McAllister, K. A. Beauchemin, and G. B. Penner. 2014. Incidence, prevalence, severity, and risk factors for ruminal acidosis in feedlot steers during backgrounding, diet transition, and finishing. J. Anim. Sci. 92:3053–3063. doi:doi:10.2527/jas2014-7599.
CCA. 2020. Industry Stats. https://www.cattle.ca/cca-resources/industry-stats/ (Accessed 27 April 2021.)
Chaucheyras-Durand, F., N. D. Walker, and A. Bach. 2008. Effects of active dry yeasts on the rumen microbial ecosystem: Past, present and future. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 145:5–26. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.019.
Gibb, D.J., T.A. McAllister. 1999. The impact of feed intake and feeding behavior of cattle on feedlot and feedbunk management. Proc. 20th Western Nutr. Conf., Calgary, Alberta (1999), pp. 101-116
McAllister, T. A., K. A. Beauchemin, A. Y. Alazzeh, J. Baah, R. M. Teather, and K. Stanford. 2011. Review: The use of direct-fed microbials to mitigate pathogens and enhance production in cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 91:193–211. doi:10.4141/cjas10047.
Mohammed, R., D. Vyas, W. Z. Yang, and K. A. Beauchemin. 2017. Changes in the relative population size of selected ruminal bacteria following an induced episode of acidosis in beef heifers receiving viable and non-viable active dried yeast. J. Appl. Microbiol. 122:1483–1496. doi:10.1111/jam.13451.
Nagaraja, T. G., and M. M. Chengappa. 1998. Liver abscesses in feedlot cattle: a review. J. Anim. Sci. 76:287–298.
Ran, T., Y. Z. Shen, A. M. Saleem, O. AlZahal, K. A. Beauchemin, and W. Z. Yang. 2018. Using ruminally protected and nonprotected active dried yeast as alternatives to antibiotics in finishing beef steers: growth performance, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and fecal Escherichia coli. J. Anim. Sci. 4385–4397. doi: 10.1093/jas/sky272.
Vyas, D., A. Uwizeye, R. Mohammed, W. Z. Yang, N. D. Walker, and K. A. Beauchemin. 2014. The effects of active dried and killed dried yeast on subacute ruminal acidosis, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in beef heifers. J. Anim. Sci. 92:724–732. doi:10.2527/jas2013-7072.
Williams, M. S., O. AlZahal, I. B. Mandell, B. W. McBride, and K. M. Wood. 2021. The impacts of a fibrolytic enzyme additive on digestibility and performance in the grower and early finisher period, and supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance and rumen health in the late finisher period for feedlot cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. Just-IN.