Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most prominent biosecurity issues affecting humans and animals. In recent decades, we have seen the emergence of bacteria resistant to critically important antimicrobials (last line drugs) in livestock production systems in Asia, Europe and North America. This predominantly includes resistance to critically important antimicrobials such as fluoroquinolones and extended spectrum cephalosporins among E. coli and Salmonella from pigs, poultry and cattle. The emergence of resistance to critically important antimicrobials in these regions is largely attributed to the direct use in livestock systems. Evidence accumulated over the last decade suggests that the ecology of AMR amongst E. coli and Salmonella isolated from Australian food-producing animals differs considerably to that observed in many other countries. This is attributable to Australia's unique geography, quarantine restrictions and unique constraints governing the use of critically important antimicrobials (CIAs) in food-producing animals. Recent surveys in E. coli and Salmonella in Australian livestock suggest absence or low levels of resistance to critically important antimicrobials. Genomic characterisation of some of these critically important resistant E. coli isolates demonstrated that the majority of the isolates have previously been reported in humans and wild birds overseas. These E. coli strains have not been identified previously in Australia either from humans or livestock. Their low frequency among clinical E. coli isolates from Australian livestock suggests that they have potentially been introduced via human carriers or migratory birds. This presentation identifies challenges of emerging critically important antimicrobial resistance particularly from “reverse zoonosis” and “migratory birds”.
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