In this study, it was aimed to determine the levels of mycotoxin contamination in poultry feeds in Konya, Afyonkarahisar, Aksaray and Nigde which constitutes 26.2% of the poultry production in Turkey. For this purpose a total of 73 ready to-consume poultry feed samples from poultry farms in four provinces were collected. A general screening in feeds was performed in terms of mycotoxin presence and contamination levels. Samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B1, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, fumonisin and deoxynivalenol levels by LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The levels of different mycotoxins in feeds obtained from poultry farms, the proportion of positive samples and the percentage of presence in the feeds were compared in terms of maximum residue limit (MRL). It was concluded that the feeds were found to be contaminated with low rates of mycotoxins, in terms of mycotoxin types and levels in the regions screened. However, the exceeded rates were found only 1% for aflatoxin B1 (≥ 5 ppb) in poultry feeds according to communique on undesirable substances in animal feed (RG 2014/11) while other mycotoxins were below the MRL.
Keywords: Contamination, LC-MS/MS, mycotoxins, poultry feed.
1. Abdel-Wahhab MA, Hassan AM, Amer HA, et al. (2004): Prevention of fumonisin-induced maternal and developmental toxicity in rats by certain plant extracts. J
Appl Toxicol, 24, 469.
2. Abia WA, Simoa GN, Warthb B, et al. (2013):
Determination of multiple mycotoxins levels in poultry feeds from Cameroon. Jpn J Vet Res, 6, 33-39.
3. Abrunhosa L, Moraless H, Soares C, et al. (2016): Review of mycotoxins in food and feed products in Portugal and estimation of probable daily intakes. Crit Rev Food Sci, 56, 2.
4. Bilal T, Aksakal DH, Sünnetci S, et al. (2014): Detection of aflatoxin, zearalenone and deoxynivalenol in some feed and feedstuffs in Turkey. Pak Vet J, 34, 459-463.
5. Binder EM, Tan LM, Chin LJ, et al. (2007): Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in commodities, feeds and feed ingredients. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 137, 265-282.
6. Cankırı B, Uyarlar C (2013): Place and importance of mycotoxins in dairy cattle nutrition. Kocatepe Vet J, 6, 57-69.
7. Dagasan O, Ozen N (2011): Aflatoxin, heavy metal and pesticide residue contents of some compound feeds produced in Turkey. Akdeniz Univ Ziraat Fak Derg, 24, 9-
13.
8. Dalvi RR, Ademoyero AA (1984): Toxic effects of aflatoxin B1 in chickens given feed contaminated
Aspergillus flavus and reduction of the toxicity by activated charcoal and some chemical agents. Avian Disease, 28, 61.
9. Demir C (2002): An investigation presence of Fusarium moniliforme, fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 in corns grown in Samsun province. Trakya Üniv Fen Bil Enst
Doktora Tezi, 84.
10. Dogan A, Tuzcu M (2001): Fumonizinler. Kafkas Univ Vet
Fak Derg, 7, 237-244.
11. EURACHEM Guide (2014): Eurochem Guide. The
Fitness for Purpose Analytical Methods. A Laboratory
Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics.2nd edition.
Available at https://www.eurachem.org/images/stories/
Guides/pdf/MV_guide_2nd_ed_EN. pdf. Accessed
17.04.2014.
12. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2011):
Scientific opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in food and feed. EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain.
EFSA Journal, 9, 2481.
13. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2004):
Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in
2003. Available at http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5499e/ y5499e00. htm. FAO Food and Nutrition, 81, (Accessed 13
December 2014).
14. Greco MV, Franchi ML, Golba SLR, et al. (2014):
Mycotoxins and mycotoxigenic fungi in poultry feed for food-producing animals. The Scientific World Journal.
Available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/968215. (Accessed 21 September 2014).
15. Kaya S, Yavuz H, Akkar F (1990): Mycotoxin residues in some oily seed meals. Vet J Ankara Univ, 37, 173-180.
16. Kaya S (2002): Mikotoksinler. Kaya S, Pirinçci İ, Bilgili A.
Veteriner Hekimliğinde Toksikoloji. 2. Baskı, 537-575,
Medisan Yayınevi, Ankara.
17. Kriek NPJ, Kellerman TS, Marasas WFO (1981): A comparative study of the toxicity of fusarium verticilloides (F. moniliforme) to horses, primates, pigs, sheep, and rats.
Onderstepoort J Vet Res, 48, 129-131.
18. Martins HM, Almeida I, Camacho C, et al. (2012): A survey on the occurrence of ochratoxin A in feeds for swine and laying hens. Mycotoxin Res, 28, 107-110.
19. Nizamlıoğlu F, Oguz H (2003): Occurrence of aflatoxins in layer feed and corn samples in Konya province, Turkey.
Food Addit Contam, 20, 654-658.
20. Oguz H, Kurtoglu V (2000): Effect of clinoptilolite on fattening performance of broiler chickens during experimental aflatoxicosis. Br Poult Sci, 41, 512-517.
21. Oguz H (2011): A review from experimental trials on detoxification of aflatoxin in poultry feed. Eurasian J Vet
Sci, 27, 1-12.
22. Placinta CM, D’Mello JPF, MacDonald EK (1999): A review of worldwide contamination of animal feed with
Fusarium mycotoxins. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 78, 21-37.
23. Raosoft (2015): Sample size calculator. Seattle, USA.
Retrieved from Raosoft: Available at http://www.raosoft. com/samplesize.html. (Accessed 24 August 2016).
24. Resmi Gazete (a) (2011): Yemlerin Resmî Kontrolü İçin
Numune Alma ve Analiz Metotlarına Dair Yönetmelik. 28155.
25. Resmi Gazete (b) (RG 2014/11) (2014): Yemlerde
İstenmeyen Maddeler Tebliği (Communique on undesirable substances in animal feed).Veteriner Hizmetleri, Bitki
Sağlığı, Gıda ve Yem Kanunu. 28977.
26. Santin E (2015): Understanding mycotoxins published on federal university of Parana, Brazil. Available at http://en.engormix.com/MA-mycotoxins/articles/ understanding-mycotoxins-t3428/p0.htm (Accessed 27
March 2015).
27. Sherazi STH, Shar ZH, Sumbal GA, et al. (2015):
Occurrence of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds and feed ingredients from Pakistan. Mycotoxin Res, 31, 1-7.
28. Sonal S, Oruc HH (2000): Natural mycotoxin level in mixed feed taken from poultry farm in Bursa province. YYU
Vet Fak Derg, 11, 1-6.
29. Teşhiste Metot Birliği (2014): Farmakoloji ve Toksikoloji.
Hayvansal doku, yem ve yem hammaddelerinde aflatoksin ve okratoksinin LC-MS/MS ile analizi metodu. Available at http://www.tarim.gov.tr/GKGM/Belgeler/Veteriner%20
Hizmetleri/teshiste _metod_birligi /farmakoloji_ toksikoloji.pdf. (Accessed 25 February 2015).
30. Tiryaki O, Seçer E, Temur C (2011): Yemlerde mikotoksin oluşumu, toksisiteleri ve mikotoksin kalıntı analizleri.
Anadolu J AARI, 21, 44-58.
31. Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) (2014): Available at http://www.tuik.gov.tr/HbGetir.do?id = 18851&tbid =6. (Accessed 15 March 2015).
32. Yıldız G (2009): Determination of the contamination of the ochratoxine A in feeds and feedstuffs into the different animal enterprise in Turkey. Vet J Ankara Univ, 56, 131-
135.
33. Yumurta Üreticileri Birliği Verileri (Yum-Bir) (2013):
Available at http://www.yum-bir.org/UserFiles/File/ yumurta-verileri 2013.pdf. (Accessed 24 August 2016).