José Antonio Estrada Godinez

Introduction:The aquaculture industry is rapidly growing and is now considered a major contributor in the global food production. To meet the global demand, aquaculture production practices have been intensified to a greater extent both in technological and practical measures. Aquaculture generates considerable amount of wastes, consisting of metabolic by-products, residual food, fecal matters and ...

Gut health results from interactions of host-specific intrinsic characteristics with several factors such as environment microbiome, nutritional status, feed quality, biotic and abiotic stress. Disturbances can be hard to predict and are observed as an acute occurrence or generated after long exposure to a single or a combination of stress factors.Aquatic animals under farming conditions are const ...

1. IntroductionIn Nigeria today, despite the significant investment in commercial agriculture by the government, aid agencies, multilateral organizations and individuals, livestock production has not succeeded in meeting the protein demands in the country (Oluwatayo and Adedeji, 2019) [1]. The increasing human population in the country has indicated that the conventional forms of livestock product ...

Disease management and prevention has become one of the top priorities for the aquaculture industry. This is due partly to economic losses, caused by disrupted production, and partly to sustainability issues and increased pressure to reduce the use of antibiotics and chemicals. The risks associated with drug resistant pathogens, environmental impacts, and  consumer perceptions of antibiotic r ...

According the Food and Agriculture Organization - FAO report (2018), of the 171 million tonnes of total fish production in 2016, approximately 88 percent (over 151 million tonnes) was used for direct human consumption, a share that has increased significantly in recent decades. Therefore, to meet the growing demand for fish, fish nutrition and health will play an increasingly important role in the ...

In a farming environment, the homeostasis of aquatic animals can be disrupted by several factors, such as water quality, stocking density, diet, sanitary status, pollution, and contaminants, etc. Sub-optimal conditions, depending on their intensity and duration, can result in acute or chronic stress. Prominent negative outcomes in stressed animals include a change of behaviour, impaired zootechnic ...

Introduction Penzlin (1977) cited that blood constituents of fish are variable than those of the terrestrial animals. Abdelhamid (1991) argumenta for the variation between fish and terrestrial animals to the huge number of fish species (ca. 25.000) and strains (40.000) in comparison with the mammalian species (ca. 4.500). Additionally, Abdelhamid (2009) cited that fish are variable in their m ...