INTRODUCTION
Globally, corn becomes a major ingredient for animal feed either as whole grain or by-product from corn milling industries. There is several corn co-products derived from wet or dry corn milling industries (Tangendjaja & Wina, 2007) and at least 2 co-products commercially available in Indonesia for poultry feed, namely corn gluten meal (CGM) and dried distillers grains and soluble (DDGS). CGM is a co-product obtained during wet milling process to produce maize starch while DDGS is a co-product obtained from dry milling process for ethanol production. CGM is a well known feed ingredient for poultry as it contains high protein level (> 60%) and high metabolizable energy (ME) (3600 kcal/kg, NRC, 1994). It has been used widely in Indonesia for many years.
When bioethanol production from corn fermentation is increasing in recent years, more DDGS are produced in the USA and exported to different countries. Therefore, DDGS is considered as a new ingredient for poultry feed in Asia including Indonesia. DDGS is the mixture of residual component after the starch of corn grain has been fermented by yeast to produce ethanol and the soluble part after the removal of ethanol by distillation (Pahm et al., 2009). Corn contains about 62% starch, 3.8% oil, 8.0% protein, 11.2% fiber, and 15% moisture. Because most of the starch is converted to ethanol during fermentation, the resulting nutrient fractions (protein, oil, and fiber) are 3 times more concentrated in DDGS compared to corn. With advance technology in ethanol production in the United States of America (USA), DDGS can be produced with higher protein level through fractionation process either in the beginning of ethanol production (front end fractionation) or at the end of ethanol production (back end fractionation). This type of DDGS will be introduced in Asian market including Indonesia and may be an attractive alternative ingredient for layer diets, however, little information on the use of high protein (Hipro) DDGS in chicken feed.
DDGS is a source of protein/amino acids, energy and available phosphorus for poultry. The regular DDGS contained protein 26.5%, fat 10.8%, and ME between 2787-2904 kcal/kg (Adeola & Ileleji, 2009). However, it was reported that the nutrient contents of DDGS varied among and within ethanol plants, but nutrient levels were generally higher than those published by the National Research Council (Spiehs et al., 2002). ME of DDGS for poultry was 2848 kcal/kg (Waldroup et al., 2007) and amino acids digestibility was higher than previously reported (Batal & Dale, 2006).
High protein DDGS contained 36%-45% protein with similar ME value with regular DDGS contained 25%-27% protein. The regular DDGS in the present experiment was considered as low protein (Lopro) DDGS since the protein content was lower compared with high protein (Hipro) DDGS.
Most of DDGS in US were derived from yellow corn and contained significant amount of carotenoids. Carotenoids consisted of xanthophylls as a source of yellow pigment and carotenes as a precursor for Vitamin A. However, little information is available on the efficacy of xanthophylls in DDGS for pigmentation of yolk color. The purpose of the trial was to determine the impact of feeding increasing levels of low (Lopro) and high protein (Hipro) DDGS compared to CGM on the performance of layer including excreta moisture and on the color of egg yolk.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Feed and Treatments
A feeding trial to brown layer (ISA strain) was conducted at Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production, Ciawi-Bogor with average daily temperature 28-30 °C. Two types of DDGS were used, i.e the low protein (Lopro) DDGS which is actually the regular DDGS and the high protein (Hipro) DDGS. Thirteen different diets (Table 1) contain different levels of low protein DDGS. Hipro DDGS and CGM were formulated to have similar protein content (17%) and energy level (2650 kcal/kg).
Lopro (regular) DDGS, Hipro DDGS and CGM which originated from USA, were commercially obtained. Lopro DDGS contain 27% protein while Hipro DDGS contain 40% protein and CGM contains 62% protein. The composition of the products is presented in Table 2. Other ingredients were obtained locally and these were corn, soybean meal, rice bran, crude palm oil and other supplements including minerals, amino acids, vitamin and mineral premixes. Those ingredients were mixed every month in mash form. Dietary formula and calculated nutrient composition is presented in Table 3.
Feeding System
Two hundred sixty layers at age 40 weeks were placed individually in wire cages in 1 tier of open sided house. Each dietary treatment was fed to 4 layers, placed in row as one unit of experiment and replicated 5 times, which randomly allocated in the house. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Each unit of experiment has one feed trough and drinking water was provided for all chickens through PVC pipe. Lighting was provided for 17 hours per day. Feeding trial was conducted for 10 weeks.
Measurement
Egg production and egg weight was recorded daily and feed intake was measured every week. Total feed, total egg mass and feed conversion ratio was calculated after the experiment was completed.
Chicken excreta from each unit of experiment were collected for 24 hours on day 21 to day 22. Subsamples of excreta from chickens fed different treatments were dried in the oven to get the moisture content.
Two eggs from each unit of experiment with 5 replicates were collected every 3 days to measure egg yolk color using Roche Color Fan. Xanthophylls analysis was performed on egg yolk from each unit of experiment with 5 replicates after feeding the layer for 21 days according to the modified AOAC (Susana et al., 1993).
Statistical Analyses
Completely randomized design was used in this experiment and performance data was analyzed using general linear model. The effect of corn co-products and the effect of levels were analyzed separately. Initial analyses were done to compare the main effect of type of co-product, while separate analyses were performed for each co-product to look at the level effect. Any significant effect due to treatment was further analyzed by Duncan test. Regression analysis was performed to measure the effect of pigmenting ability of DDGS and CGM on yolk color.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Laying Performance
Result on the performance of brown layer fed low protein DDGS, high protein DDGS, and CGM are presented in Table 4. Table 4 indicates that there is no significant difference on the effect of feeding Lopro and Hipro DDGS and CGM on egg production in term of total egg mass and number, egg weight and feed conversion ratio. The laying performance is comparable to the standard recommended by ISA Brown management guide (ISA, 2010). Feed to egg ratio (FCR) is around 2 and is slightly lower than the recommended FCR in ISA brown management guide (ISA, 2010). The average egg weight at 63 g is also acceptable for the current age of layer in the tropics. However, daily feed intake of layer fed DDGS either low or high protein has 2-3 g less compared to that consume by layer fed CGM. Average feed intake of layer fed CGM is 113.7 g/day while that layer fed DDGS is around 111 g/day. There is no difference in feed intake between layers fed high protein or Lopro DDGS as the formula is adjusted to have similar ME, protein, and amino acids content. It is not known if less feed intake in layer fed DDGS is related to the higher fiber level in DDGS relative to CGM. NRC (1998) reported that DDGS contain 34.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and 16.3% acid detergent fiber (ADF) while CGM contains only 8.7% and 4.6%, respectively. It was well known that high fiber diet will influence the bulkiness of feed and would affect feed intake. However, the difference of feed intake 2-3 g would not be sufficient to affect laying performance.
Further analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion level of Lopro, Hipro, and DDGS on performance of the layer and the results are presented in Table 5, 6, and 7, respectively. Generally, increasing level of DDGS both low and high protein up to 16% or CGM up to 8% did not affect egg production and feed conversion ratio. Egg number and feed per egg ratio remained stable. There was an indication that feeding Hipro DDGS resulted in a slightly lower egg weight when the DDGS was included up to 16%. Egg weight of layer fed 16% Hipro DDGS was 62.2 g while feeding at 4% inclusion level in the diet was 63.4 g. There was a slight reduction (2-4 g/day) in feed intake when Lopro or Hipro DDGS was included in the diets. This result was comparable with the result reported by Lumpkins et al. (2005) that regular or Lopro DDGS can be included up to 12% in the diet of laying hen. They also reported that feeding high level (15%) of Lopro DDGS would depress egg production in the diet with low in energy density. There is no report on feeding Hipro DDGS on layer. Swiatkiwicz & Koreleski (2006) reported that up to 15% Lopro DDGS could be used in layer feeds while, inclusion of 20% negatively affected laying rate and egg weight. Recent report on feeding Lopro DDGS showed that feeding 15%-20% in the diets resulted in a lower egg production and egg weight and certain enzyme supplementation would improve the egg production so Lopro DDGS can be included up to 20% in the diets (Shalash et al., 2010).
Moisture Content of Excreta
Results on analyses of moisture content of excreta collected from layer fed control diet and different levels of Lopro and Hipro DDGS and CGM are presented in Table 8. Moisture content of excreta ranged from 77.4% to 84.3%. Visual observation showed that there was no indication of wet excreta in this trial.
Table 8 shows that there is no difference in excreta moisture content among treatments. Increasing level of corn by-products in the diets did not influence the moisture content of layer excreta. One should pay some attention when moisture content of excreta increased as it is related to “wet litter” problem in poultry production and may relate to the diet composition or feeding specific ingredient (Shane, 1999). Wet litter will more likely promote the growth and proliferation of pathogenic bacteria and molds, hence, affecting chicken health. Wet litter is also the primary cause of ammonia emissions, one of the most serious performance and environmental factors negatively affecting poultry production (Ritz et al., 2005). It has been reported that feeding DDGS decreased ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emission from excreta (Robert et al., 2007; Wu-Haan et al., 2010). This may be related with lower pH of excreta from layer fed DDGS (Robert et al., 2007). The final result of feeding Lopro or Hipro DDGS did not cause any adverse effect to laying performance.
Xanthophyll Content and Color Score of Egg Yolk
The xanthophylls content and the color score of egg yolk produced by layer that have been fed different levels of Lopro and Hipro DDGS and CGM are presented in Figure 1. There were linear increases in xantophyll content as the levels of CGM or DDGS increased (Figure 1, left), however, the degree of increase was affected by the type of corn co-products. Based on the coefficient regression, it was shown that coefficient for CGM is 3.85 while for low and high protein DDGS are 2.07 and 1.55, respectively. These figures indicate that CGM is more effective to provide xantophyll content to egg yolk compared to both DDGS. Xanthophyll is a source of yellow pigment for egg yolk color. The yellow color of egg yolk usually comes from yellow corn which is included about 50% in the diet. The xanthophylls in corn are called lutein and zeaxanthin. The yolk color will get more pronounced when other source of pigment such as CGM, DDGS or leaf meal is added (Leeson & Caston, 2004). The same result occurred in this experiment where increasing levels of DDGS and CGM increased the xanthophylls content in yolk, hence, improved the color of egg yolk. CGM has more pronounced effect on the yolk color than Lopro or Hipro DDGS, although its inclusion level is less (half) than that of DDGS. This result was as expected because the xantophyll level in CGM was 130 ppm while DDGS was only 59 ppm. The increased yolk color due to DDGS was in agreement with other experiments using Lopro (regular) DDGS which led to a significantly darker and redder yolk (Roberson et al., 2005; Loar et al., 2010). Further test panels, consumers slightly preferred the eggs derived from DDGS-fed hens over eggs that were obtained from hens fedno DDGS (Loar et al., 2010).
Figure 1. Xanthophyll content (left figure) and color score (based on Roche Fan) of egg yolk (right figure) fed different levels of Lopro (♦), Hipro DDGS (▲), and CGM (■) in the diet. CGM= corn gluten meal; DDGS= dried distillers grains and soluble; Lopro= low protein; Hipro= high protein.
CONCLUSION
Dried distillers grain with soluble (DDGS) both low and high protein can be fed to layer up to 16% without detrimental effect on egg production and other performance, while corn gluten meal (CGM) can be fed up to 8% in the diet. Inclusion of DDGS (Lopro or Hipro) and CGM up to 16% and 8% in layer diet, respectively did not affect the moisture content of excreta. Increasing levels of DDGS and CGM in layer diet improved yolk color and increased the xantophyll content in the yolk. CGM is more effective than DDGS in providing xanthopyll to egg yolk resulted in higher color score.
This article was originally published in Media Peternakan, Agustus 2011, hlm. 133-139. http://medpet.journal.ipb.ac.id/. DOI: 10.5398/medpet.2011.34.2.133.
