Explore

Communities in English

Advertise on Engormix

Effects of Chestnut Tannins Supplementation of Prepartum Moderate Yielding Dairy Cows on Metabolic Health, Antioxidant and Colostrum Indices

Published: February 8, 2022
By: Radiša Prodanovic 1, Sreten Nedic 1, Predrag Simeunovic 2, Suncica Borozan 3, Svetlana Nedic 4, Jovan Bojkovski 1, Danijela Kirovski 5, Ivan Vujanac 1.
Summary

Author details:

1 Department of Ruminants and Swine Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; 2 Šabac Veterinary Station, 15000 Šabac, Serbia; 3 Department of General Education, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; 4 Department of Reproduction, Fertility and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; 5 Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
The inclusion of plant extracts in livestock feed supplements has been widely researched as a strategy to replace synthetic feed additives and improve animal health and production traits. Among several plant metabolites, tannins have attracted significant attention in regards to dairy cows. Tannins are water soluble plant polyphenol metabolites known for a binding affinity for proteins, amino acids, metal ions and polysaccharides (Makkar, 2003; Mueller-Harvey, 2006). They have the ability to affect several aspects of ruminant nutrition and to decrease environmental pollution (Huang et al., 2018).
Tannins from sweet chestnuts, i.e., Castanea sativa Mill., are hydrolysable tannins (HTs) with molecular weights of 500–3,000 Da and multiple hydroxyl groups (Cieslak et al., 2013). Due to hydrophobic and ionic interactions, these groups give the HTs an affinity and capacity for forming pH-dependent reversible tannin protein complexes (Makkar, 2003; Huang et al., 2018). These complexes are stable in rumen pH (pH 5.0 to 7.0), and dissociations occur in low (abomasum) and high (intestine) pH environments (Makkar, 2003; Huang et al., 2018). Moreover, chestnut tannins (CNT) have a tendency to decrease ammonia production in rumen by decreasing rates of rumen protein degradation (Sliwinski et al., 2002; Hassanat and Benchaar, 2013); this is primarily done by inhibiting the growth and activities of proteolytic bacterial populations (McSweeney et al., 2001). This can lead to a significant nonammonia nitrogen flow to the duodenum and to improved protein utilisation (Jayanegara et al., 2015).
In addition to these beneficial effects in regards to feed protein utilisation, feeding CNT to a dairy cow can improve the cow’s antioxidant status, wellbeing and performance (Liu et al., 2013; Huang et al., 2018). The abundance of hydroxyl groups and the groups’ conformations can cause CNT to be effective at scavenging ROS (O2 - ) and at protecting liposomes from lipid peroxidation (Živković et al., 2010). Indeed, Liu et al. (2013) found that CNT fed to transition cows had the capacity to significantly decrease lipid peroxidation and to increase superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and T-AOC activities in plasma. Further, the CNT could increase SOD and GSH-Px activities in the cows’ liver during a transition period (Liu et al., 2013). However, no information is available on dietary factors in regards to modulating paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activities or expressions in dairy cows, despite the relevance of PON 1 to overall reductions in antioxidant capacities and several pathological conditions (Farid et al., 2013; Cao et al., 2017; Nedić et al., 2019).
Colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration is one of the most important factors in the adequate transfer of Ig in newborn calves. Several risk factors associated with low colostrum quality have been elucidated (Gulliksen et al., 2008; Kehoe et al., 2011; Conneely et al., 2013), but dietary approaches to improving colostrum quality and IgG content require further investigation. Indeed, there is no universal strategy for formulating pre-fresh diets that promote colostrum quality in cows. Only a few studies have shown that colostral IgG levels can be affected by energy intake (Panigrahi et al., 2004; Gulliksen et al., 2008; Nowak et al., 2012) and dietary protein levels (Stockdale and Smith, 2004; Toghyani and Moharrery, 2015). Moreover, Rezai et al. (2012) reported that increasing dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can promote colostrum quality, and this corresponds with the effects of CNT, i.e., a decreased protein degradation rate in rumen and an increased protein flow to intestines. However, no studies have investigated the possibility that HTs are involved in colostrum formation in dairy cows.
Supplementation of CNT extract in dry cow diets has not been extensively investigated; the literature lacks information on how the CNT feeding regimen can affect metabolic profiles and health prepartum. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of CNT during close-up dry period on metabolic and antioxidant status of dairy cows (particularly on PON 1) and their colostrum composition.
Material and methods
Animals, diets and housing
Forty late pregnant Holstein cows were selected on a commercial farm (PKB) in the central part of Serbia, City of Belgrade, at latitude 44°49 '14'' North, longitude 20°27'44'' East (total number of cows 1250, average milk production per year 8200L). Chosen animals were subjected to the Program of Animal Health Protection Monitoring. All animals were clinically healthy, between second and fourth lactation and with body condition score ranging from 3.0 to 3.25. The cows were kept in a tiestall housing systems with individual control of feeding and had free access to water at all times via automated water bowls.
During whole dry period (60 days before expected parturition until parturition) cows were fed ad libitum with diets in the form of total mix ration (TMR) formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2001) requirements. Initially, cows were assigned to the far-off diet (NEL=1.40 Mcal/kg DM) and then, 25 days before expected parturition, switched to the close-up diet (NEL=1.57 Mcal/kg DM) (Table 1). Diets were fed in two equal portions at 6:30 AM and 5:30 PM. Animals were ranked by parity and body condition score in a decreasing order and alternately distributed into two groups: control (CON, n=20), which was not supplemented, and group supplemented with chestnut tannins (CNT, n=20). CNT cows received 20 g/d of commercially available product containing chestnut tannins (Tanimil SCC, Tanin Sevnica, Slovenia) for the last 25±2 d of pregnancy. Ten grams of product was mixed twice a day with 50 g of concentrate used in TMR, and was given to each CNT cow soon before the morning and evening TMR delivery. The animal-related component of the study was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine (05/2015), University of Belgrade in accordance with the National Regulation on Animal Welfare.
Blood samples and analyses of metabolite, insulin and antioxidant capacity indices
Blood samples were collected from each cow on days 25 and 5 before expected parturition. Blood was sampled before morning feeding by jugular vein puncture into BD Vacutainer (Becton Dickinson, Plymouth, UK) tubes with clot activator for serum separation. Tubes were placed in an icebox immediately, and transferred to the laboratory within an hour. After clotting for 2 h on ice, samples were centrifuged at 1800 × g for 10 min, and aliquoted into 2-mL microfuge tubes. Aliquots of serum were stored at –20°C until analysis.
Effects of Chestnut Tannins Supplementation of Prepartum Moderate Yielding Dairy Cows on Metabolic Health, Antioxidant and Colostrum Indices - Image 1
Each blood sample was analyzed for glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and insulin. Biochemical metabolites were analyzed by the Department of Ruminants and Swine Diseases (Belgrade, Serbia) using the respective kits: NEFA (colorimetric method) and BHBA (enzymatic method), both from Randox Laboratories Ltd. (Crumlin, UK); albumin (Bromcresol green method), BUN (urease/glutamate dehydrogenase method), total bilirubin (diazotized sulphanilic acid method), total cholesterol (cholesterol oxidase/peroxidase method) and HDL-C (direct detergent method) from BioSystems S.A. (Barcelona, Spain). Analyses were performed automatically by spectrophotometry (A15; BioSystems S.A., Barcelona, Spain). Glucose was measured in whole blood enzymatically (glucose dehydrogenase, GDH-NAD method) using commercial test strips (Abbott Diabetes Care Ltd., Oxon, UK). Insulin concentration was determined by radioimmunoassay technique using commercially available RIA kits (INEP, Zemun, Serbia) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. The Revised Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (RQUICKI), commonly used for estimation of insulin sensitivity in dairy cows, was calculated as described by Pantelić et al. (2018).
Estimation of total antioxidant capacity in blood serum
The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) was evaluated by method of α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability. The estimation of T-AOC was done by measuring the reduction of DPPH radical spectrophotometrically according to Thaipong et al. (2006). 50 μL of sample were mixed with 2.95 mL of DPPH solution and incubated in dark for 1 h. The percentage of reduction was monitored by measuring the DPPH absorbance at 515 nm (the extent of the solution discolouration is proportional to the concentration of total antioxidants in the samples). A standard curve was prepared using different concentrations of Trolox, and the results were expressed as micrograms of Trolox equivalents (TEq) per mL of sample.
Estimation of paraoxonase 1 activity in blood serum
The serum paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) activity was determined by measuring the initial rate of the synthetic paraoxon (O,O-diethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl phosphate) hydrolysis to p-nitrophenol. The absorbance was monitored at 412 nm in the assay mixture containing 2.0 mM paraoxon, 2.0 mM CaCl2, 5 M NaCl, and 40 µL of the serum sample. PON 1 activity was calculated using the molar extinction coefficient of phenol (18,500 M-1cm-1), and the results are presented as U/mL (Hashemi et al., 2012).
Colostrum samples and analyses
Colostrum samples were collected from each cow during the first milking, which was between 2 and 4 hours of calving. The samples were collected in two plastic bottles with a total volume of 300 mL for each cow, frozen and stored at −20°C until they were used to determine chemical compositions and colostrum IgG concentrations. The samples were also analysed for fat, protein, lactose, SNF and total solids. Prior to the analyses, they were thawed at room temperature and then diluted with a phosphate buffer solution of 1:3 and a pH of 7.4; this was done to reduce the samples’ viscosities and to prevent technical difficulties commonly encountered when using highly viscous samples. Content of fat, protein, lactose and total solids were determined using infrared technology, i.e., a LactoScope C4 (Delta Instruments, Drachten, The Netherlands). Colostrum IgG concentrations were determined using radial immunodiffusion (RID) assays conducted with commercially available bovine IgG RID test plates (Binding Site Group Ltd., Birmingham, United Kingdom); this was done by following a method used by Stojić et al. (2017).
Statistical analyses
Data were analyzed using the Statistica v.8 commercial software (StatSoft,Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). The normality of data distribution was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test. All data were normally distributed (P> 0.05) and presented as mean±SE (standard error) for all examined parameters. The significance of differences between the two groups, i.e. effect of treatment, was estimated with Student’s t-test. Results were considered significant if P≤0.05 and trends were noted if 0.05< P< 0.1.
Results
The animals exhibited no clinical health problems or signs of tannin toxicity during the close-up period. During the trial period, no significant difference (P=0.32) in average DMI was observed between CON (9.81±0.05 kg of DM) and CNT group (9.72±0.06 kg of DM). As shown in Figure 1, there was no effect of treatment i.e. CNT supplementation (comparison of values determined at d -5 relative to calving in both groups) on albumin, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, HDL-C concentrations as well as RQUICKI.
BUN, glucose, BHBA, NEFA and insulin concentrations were affected by the treatment. Namely, at d -5 relative to calving BUN concentration was lower (P=0.02), glucose concentration was higher (P=0.02), BHBA and NEFA concentrations were lower (P< 0.01, respectively) and insulin concentration was higher (P< 0.01) in CNT group compared to CON. At the same time, the addition of CNT had significant effect on PON 1 and DPPH leading to higher values in CNT group than those of CON at d -5 relative to calving (P< 0.01 and P=0.03, respectively).
As shown in Table 2, the addition of CNT had no significant effect on colostrum yield (P=0.29). Colostrum lactose percentage and IgG concentration were higher in CNT than in CON group (P=0.03 and P=0.04, respectively). Colostrum percentage of protein and SNF were not significantly affected by CNT supplementation (P=0.06, respectively) although their levels were higher in CNT group than those of CON.
Effects of Chestnut Tannins Supplementation of Prepartum Moderate Yielding Dairy Cows on Metabolic Health, Antioxidant and Colostrum Indices - Image 1
Effects of Chestnut Tannins Supplementation of Prepartum Moderate Yielding Dairy Cows on Metabolic Health, Antioxidant and Colostrum Indices - Image 2
Discussion
In the present study, the selected indices were within the normal range of variations that has been reported for healthy dry cows (Quiroz-Rocha et al., 2009; Brscic et al., 2015). The decreasing effect of the addition of tannins on the serum BUN was also found by Aguerre et al. (2016), Dschaak et al. (2011) and Sliwinski et al. (2002) who explain it by tannins suppressive effect on rumen protein degradation. The higher prepartal concentration of insulin, in response to plant extracts supplementation in the present and previous studies (Devant et al., 2007) might reflect metabolic changes toward gluconeogenesis and/or peripheral insulin resistance. However, the absence of differences in calculated RQUICKI, the method used to measure insulin resistance in ruminants, does not support compromised insulin resistant states in the CNT cows. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that the higher intestinal availability of glucogenic amino acids, and/or the reduced need for urea synthesis in the liver, i.e., the lower BUN, accounts, at least in part, for higher concentrations of glucose (Ávila et al., 2014; Jayanegara et al., 2015; Noro and Wittwer, 2011) which subsequently stimulated pancreatic insulin secretion in CNT cows. Moreover, this adaptation helps explain the lower adipose lipolytic rate, i.e., the lower NEFA levels, and the lower concentrations of BHBA in the CNT cows on d -5 relative to calving. These results are in agreement with the observation of Senturk et al. (2015), who reported antiketogenic effect of tannins. The decreased circulating NEFA and BHBA levels could indirectly mitigate the adverse effects of these fatty acids on the antioxidant system and liver functions (Li et al., 2016). Further, PON 1 activity, a valuable part of the antioxidant system, is a reliable indicator for evaluations of oxidative stress and liver functions in periparturient dairy cows (Cao et al., 2017; Farid et al., 2013). There are several possible explanations for the differences in the PON 1 patterns of the CON and CNT groups. Less possible option is that the higher PON 1 activity observed in the CNT cows was a consequence of differences in liver fat deposition and/or liver dysfunction near parturition (Bionaz et al., 2007); the assembly and secretion of VLDL are enough to keep up with NEFA supply in late gestation (Prodanović et al., 2016). Only blood liver indices were used for this study, so little can be said about liver fat content; however, no differences were noted between the groups in regards to liver function indicators, i.e., albumin, total bilirubin and HDL-C. It could be argued that this would implicate more changes in the prooxidant/antioxidant status rather than liver function in these cows. In other words, a reduction in PON 1 activity in CON group near parturition might have been related to oxidative stress development. This is conceivable because elevated NEFA and BHBA concentrations are common factors in regards to provoking oxidative stress in late pregnancy (Li et al., 2016), implying an increase in the production of free radicals and lipoperoxidative products which in turn might inactivate PON 1. This is supported by research conducted by Cao et al. (2017) and Farid et al. (2013), who found high correlations between NEFA, BHBA and PON 1 activity, and research by Liu et al. (2013), who found that CNT had inhibitory effects on lipid peroxidation. Addressing previously mentioned, the lower NEFA and BHBA in the CNT group on d -5 relative to calving were likely factors in the lower rate of PON 1 inactivity. Finally, the tannins could directly contribute to higher PON 1 activity in blood of the CNT fed cows. Change in serum PON 1 activity supported by higher T-AOC in the CNT group might reflect a change in regards to antioxidant capacity, which is in accordance with the results of Liu et al. (2013). Accordingly, improvement to the antioxidant status of the CNT cows appears to have been, at least in part, mediated by positive modulations of PON 1, which may have been caused by polyphenol mixtures of CNT extracts (Barreira et al., 2008; Costa et al., 2011). Nonetheless, despite the fact that prepartal DMI and insulin sensitivity did not differ between the groups, the significantly lower prepartum NEFA and BHBA levels, combined with the higher PON 1 activity and T-AOC in the CNT cows, provide an opportunity for designing dietary strategies for improving transition success.
Dietary approaches to minimize the periparturient metabolic disorders have the potential to promote colostrum quality and the acquisition of immunity in newborn calves (Stockdale and Smith, 2004; Mann et al., 2014; Toghyani and Moharrery, 2015). The improved metabolism of the CNT cows near parturition, indicated by the reduced NEFA, BHBA and BUN levels, may have involved decreased mobilisation of body fat. Thus, decreased risk of developing clinical or subclinical ketosis in these cows might have, at least in part, improved colostrum quality (Klimes et al., 1989; Mann et al., 2014). There is a lack of information in available literature concerning the effect of dietary tannins on colostrum composition in dairy cattle. Improvements to colostrum constituents and IgG concentrations were observed in this study in response to the CNT supplementation during the close-up period. These results were in agreement with the findings of Rezai et al. (2012), who reported that increasing dietary RUP increased colostrum protein, lactose and IgG concentrations. However, the scope of the study did not allow for firm conclusions to be drawn regarding the higher lactose content of colostrum in the CNT cows than in the CON cows; despite this, increases in glucose production could not be excluded (Lin et al., 2016). The increased lactose content that was noted in the colostrum of CNT cows was not supported by findings reported by Jafari et al. (2018), who evaluated the effects of oak acorn on the colostrum compositions of goats. This disagreement could be related to differences in methodologies and/or tannin origins and supplementation levels (Jayanegara et al., 2015). The tendency towards higher colostrum protein and SNF percentages in the cows supplemented with CNT could be related to increased IgG concentrations (Aragona et al., 2016). Additionally, the improved IgG concentrations could have been reflections of the improved antioxidant status in the prepartal period (Lee et al., 2013; Moeini et al., 2011). Chestnut tannins extract has been reported to increase antioxidant capacities in plasma and liver (Liu et al., 2013), and this was corroborated by the higher PON 1 activity and T-AOC in CNT fed cows, which in turn might have promoted colostrum quality.
Finally, the direct positive effects of tannins on the diverse immune and inflammatory cell functions should be considered (Malisan et al., 1996; Wu et al., 2019). The higher IgG levels in the colostrum of CNT cows, compared to that of CON cows, could be attributed to an enhancement of the effects of tannins on IgG production caused by stimulating IL-10 induced signalling (Malisan et al., 1996; Zhong et al., 2014).
Conclusions
The present study showed that chestnut tannins in close-up diets have the potential to improve the colostrum quality and the metabolic and antioxidant status of cows near parturition. Further research into the implications of this dietary approach is needed in regards to metabolic adaptation as carryover effects can persist into early lactation.
     
This article was originally published in Ann. Anim. Sci., Vol. 21, No. 2 (2021) 609–621 DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2020-0077. This is an Open Access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

A g u e r r e M.J., C a p o z z o l o M.C., L e n c i o n i P., C a b r a l C., Wa t t i a u x M.A. (2016). Effect of quebracho-chestnut tannin extracts at 2 dietary crude protein levels on performance, rumen fermentation and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 99: 4476–4486.
A r a g o n a K.M., C h a p m a n C.E., P e r e i r a A.B.D., I s e n b e r g B.J., S t a n d i s h R.B.,
M a u g e r i C.J., C a b r a l R.G., E r i c k s o n P.S. (2016). Prepartum supplementation of nicotinic acid: effects on health of the dam, colostrum quality and acquisition of immunity in the calf. J. Dairy
Sci., 99: 3529–3538.
Á v i l a S.C., K o z l o s k i G.V., O r l a n d i T., M e z z o m o M.P., S t e f a n e l l o S. (2015). Impact of a tannin extract on digestibility, ruminal fermentation and duodenal flow of amino acids in steers fed maize silage and concentrate containing soybean meal or canola meal as protein source. J. Agric.
Sci., 153: 943–953.
B a r r e i r a J.C.M., F e r r e i r a I.C.F.R., O l i v e i r a M.B.P.P., P e r e i r a J.A. (2008). Antioxidant activities of the extracts from chestnut flower, leaf, skins and fruit. Food. Chem., 107: 1106–1113.
B i o n a z M., T r e v i s i E., C a l a m a r i L., L i b r a n d i F., F e r r a r i A., B e r t o n i G. (2007).
Plasma paraoxonase, health, inflammatory conditions and liver function in transition dairy cows.
J. Dairy Sci., 90: 1740–1750.
B r s c i c M., C o z z i G., L o r a I., S t e f a n i L.A., C o n t i e r o B., R a v a r o t t o L., G o t t a r - d o F. (2015). Short communication: Reference limits for blood analytes in Holstein late-pregnant heifers and dry cows: Effects of parity, days relative to calving, and season. J. Dairy Sci., 98:
7886–7892.
C a o Y., Z h a n g J., Ya n g W., X i a C., Z h a n g H-Y., Wa n g Y-H., X u C. (2017). Predictive value of plasma parameters in the risk of postpartum ketosis in dairy cows. J. Vet. Res., 61: 91–95.
C i e s l a k A., S z u m a c h e r - S t r a b e l M., S t o c h m a l A., O l e s z e k W. (2013). Plant components with specific activities against rumen methanogens. Animal, 7: 253–265.
C o n n e e l y M., B e r r y D.P, S a y e r s R., M u r p h y J.P., L o r e n z I., D o h e r t y M.L., K e n -n e d y E. (2013). Factors associated with the concentration of immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows. Animal, 7: 1824–1832.
C o s t a L.G., G i o r d a n o G., F u r l o n g C.E. (2011). Pharmacological and dietary modulators of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and expression: the hunt goes on. Biochem. Pharmacol., 81:
337–344.
D e v a n t M., A n g l a d a A., B a c h A. (2007). Effects of plant extract supplementation on rumen fermentation and metabolism in young Holstein bulls consuming high levels of concentrate. Anim.
Feed. Sci. Technol., 137: 46–57.
D s c h a a k C.M., W i l l i a m s C.M., H o l t M.S., E u n J.S., Yo u n A.J., M i n B.R. (2011). Effects of supplementing condensed tannin extract on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation and milk production of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 94: 2508–2519.
F a r i d A.S., H o n k a w a K., F a t h E.M., N o n a k a N., H o r i i Y. (2013). Serum paraoxonase-1 as biomarker for improved diagnosis of fatty liver in dairy cows. BMC Vet. Res., 9: 73.
G u l l i k s e n S.M., L i e K.I., S ø l v e r ø d L., Ø s t e r ä s O. (2008). Risk factors associated with colostrum quality in Norwegian dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 91: 704–712.
H a s h e m i M., B a h a r i A., H a s h e m z e h i N., M o a z e n i - R o o d i A., S h a f i e i p o u r S.,
B a k h s h i p o u r A., G h a v a m i S. (2012). Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in Iranian patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Pathophysiology, 19: 115–119.
H a s s a n a t F., B e n c h a a r C. (2013). Assessment of the effect of condensed (acacia and quebracho) and hydrolysable (chestnut and valonea) tannins on rumen fermentation and methane production in vitro. J. Sci. Food Agric., 93: 332–339.
H u a n g Q., X i u l i L., G u o q i Z., T i a n m i n g H.U., Yu x i W. (2018). Potential and challenges of tannins as an alternative to in-feed antibiotics for farm animal production. Anim. Nutr., 4:
137–150.
J a f a r i H., F a t a h n i a F., K h a t i b j o o A., T a a s o l i G., F a z a e l i H. (2018). Effect of oak acorn level on colostrum composition and plasma immunoglobulin G of late-pregnant goats and their kids.
Animal, 12: 2300–2309.
J a y a n e g a r a A., G o e l G., M a k k a r H.P.S., B e c k e r K. (2015). Divergence between purified hydrolysable and condensed tannin effects on methane emission, rumen fermentation and microbial population in vitro. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 209: 60–68.
K e h o e S.I., H e i n r i c h s A.J., M o o d y M.L., J o n e s C.M., L o n g M.R. (2011). Comparison of immunoglobulin G concentrations in primiparous and multiparous bovine colostrum. PAS, 27:
176–180.
Klimes J., Bouska J., Bouda J., Dostálová M., Toth J. (1989). The effect of subclinical ketosis in dry cows on the composition of the colostrum and on health indicators in newborn calves.
Vet. Med. (Praha), 34: 129–140.
L e e S.D., K i m J.H., J u n g H.J., K i m Y.H., K i m I.C., K i m S.B., L i m S.Y., J u n g W.S.,
L e e S.H., K i m Y.J. (2013). The effect of ginger extracts on the antioxidant capacity and IgG concentrations in the colostrum and plasma of neo-born piglets and sows. Livest. Sci., 154:
117–122.
L i Y., D i n g H.Y., Wa n g X.C., F e n g S.B., L i X.B., Wa n g Z., L i u G.W., L i X.W. (2016). An association between the level of oxidative stress and the concentrations of NEFA and BHBA in the plasma of ketotic dairy cows. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 100: 844–851.
L i n Y., S u n X., H o u X., Q u B., G a o X., L i Q. (2016). Effects of glucose on lactose synthesis in mammary epithelial cells from dairy cow. BMC Vet. Res., 12: 81.
L i u H.W., Z h o u D.W., L i K. (2013). Effects of chestnut tannins on performance and antioxidative status of transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 96: 5901–5907.
M a k k a r H.P.S. (2003). Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin. Res., 49:
241–256.
M a l i s a n F., B r i è r e F., B r i d o n J.M., H a r i n d r a n a t h N., M i l l s F.C., M a x E.E.,
B a n c h e r e a u J., M a r t i n e z - Va l d e z H. (1996). Interleukin-10 induces immunoglobulin G isotype switch recombination in human CD40-activated naive B lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 183:
937–947.
M a n n S., N y d a m D., O v e r t o n T. (2014). Dry cow feed strategies to control ketosis and colostrum quality. Manager. Nov.14, pp. 23–24.
M c S w e e n e y C.S., P a l m e r B., M c N e i l l D.M., K r a u s e D.O. (2001). Microbial interactions with tannins: nutritional consequences for ruminants. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 91: 83–93.
M o e i n i M.M., K i a n i A., M i k a e i l i E., S h a b a n k a r e h H.K. (2011). Effect of prepartum supplementation of selenium and vitamin E on serum Se, IgG concentrations and colostrum of heifers and on hematology, passive immunity and Se status of their offspring. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 144:
529–537.
M u e l l e r - H a r v e y I. (2006). Unravelling the conundrum of tannins in animal nutrition and health.
J. Sci. Food Agr., 86: 2010–2037.
N e d i ć S., Va k a n j a c S., S a m a r d z i j a M., B o r o z a n S. (2019). Paraoxonase 1 in bovine milk and blood as marker of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Res. Vet. Sci., 125:
323–332.
N o r o M., W i t t w e r F. (2012). Relationships between liver ureagenesis and gluconeogenesis in ruminants fed with a high nitrogen diet. Vet. Mex., 43: 143–154.
N o w a k W., M i k u ł a R., K a s p r o w i c z - P o t o c k a M., I g n a t o w i c z M., Z a c h w i e j a A.,
P a c z y ń s k a K., P e c k a E. (2012). Effect of cow nutrition in the far-off period on colostrum quality and immune response of calves. Bull. Vet. Inst. Pulawy., 56: 241–246.
P a n i g r a h i B., P a n d e y N., P a t t a n i k A.K. (2004). Effect of pre-partum feeding of crossbred cows on growth performance, metabolic profile and immune status of calves. Asian-Aus. J. Anim.
Sci., 18: 661–665.
P a n t e l i ć M., J o v a n o v i ć L.J., P r o d a n o v i ć R., V u j a n a c I., Đ u r i ć M., Ć u l a f i ć T.,
V r a n j e š - Đ j u r i c S., K o r i ć a n a c G., K i r o v s k i D. (2018). The impact of the chromium supplementation on insulin signalling pathway in different tissues and milk yield in dairy cows.
J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 102: 41–55.
P r o d a n o v i ć R., K o r i ć a n a c G., V u j a n a c I., D j o r d j e v i ć A., P a n t e l i ć M., R o m i ć S.,
S t a n i m i r o v i ć Z., K i r o v s k i D. (2016). Obesity-driven prepartal hepatic lipid accumulation in dairy cows is associated with increased CD36 and SREBP-1 expression. Res. Vet. Sci., 107:
16–19.
Q u i r o z - R o c h a F.G., L e B l a n c J.S., D u f f i e l d F.T., Wo o d D., L e s l i e E.K., J a c o b s M.R. (2009). Reference limits for biochemical and hematological analytes of dairy cows one week before and one week after parturition. Can. Vet. J., 50: 383–388.
R e z a i F., Z a m a n i F., Va t a n k h a h M. (2012). Effect of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on colostrum quality and growth of Lori-Bakhtiari lambs. Glob. Vet., 8: 93–100.
S e n t u r k S., C i h a n H., K a s a p S., M e c i t o g l u Z., T e m i z e l M. (2015). Effects on negative energy balance of tannin in dairy cattle. Uludag Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg., 34: 1–7.
S l i w i n s k i B.J., S o l i v a C.R., M a c h m ü l l e r A., K r e u z e r M. (2002). Efficacy of plant extracts rich in secondary constituents to modify rumen fermentation. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 101:
101–114.
S t o c k d a l e C.R., S m i t h C.J. (2004). Effect of energy and protein nutrition in late gestation on immunoglobulin G in the colostrum of dairy cows with varying body condition scores. Anim. Prod.,
25: 176–179.
S t o j i ć M., F r a t r i ć N., K o v a č i ć M., I l i ć V., G v o z d i ć D., S a v i ć O., Đ o k o v i ć R.,
Va l č i ć O. (2017). Brix refractometry of colostrum from primiparous dairy cows and new-born calf blood serum in the evaluation of failure of passive transfer. Acta Vet. Beograd., 67: 508–524.
T h a i p o n g K., B o o n p r a k o b U., C r o s b y K., C i s n e r o s - Z e v a l l o s L., B y r n e H.D. (2006). Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assays for estimating antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts. J. Food Comp. Anal., 19: 669–675.
T o g h y a n i E., M o h a r r e r y A. (2015). Effect of various levels of dietary protein in transition period on colostrum quality and serum immunoglobulin concentration in Holstein cows and their newborn calves. Ann. Anim. Sci., 15: 493–504.
W u Y., Z h o n g L., Yu Z., Q i J. (2019). Anti-neuroinflammatory effects of tannic acid against lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells via inhibition of NF-κB activation. Drug Dev. Res.,
80: 262–268.
Z h o n g R.Z., S u n H.X., L i u H.W., Z h o u D.W. (2014). Effects of tannic acid on Haemonchus contortus larvae viability and immune responses of sheep white blood cells in vitro. Parasite Immunol.,
36: 100–106.
Ž i v k o v i ć J., Z e k o v i ć Z., M u j i ć I., V i d o v i ć S., C v e t k o v i ć D., L e p o j e v i ć Ž.,
N i k o l i ć G., Trutić N. (2010). Scavenging capacity of superoxide radical and screening of antimicrobial activity of Castanea sativa Mill. extracts. Czech. J. Food Sci., 1: 61–68.

Related topics:
Authors:
Sreten Nedic
Predrag Simeunovic
Danijela Pelicaric Kirovski
Recommend
Comment
Share
Profile picture
Would you like to discuss another topic? Create a new post to engage with experts in the community.
Featured users in Animal Feed
Dave Cieslak
Dave Cieslak
Cargill
United States
Inge Knap
Inge Knap
DSM-Firmenich
Investigación
United States
Lester Pordesimo
Lester Pordesimo
ADM Animal Nutrition
ADM Animal Nutrition
United States
Join Engormix and be part of the largest agribusiness social network in the world.