Mohammad Rabiei

1. IntroductionThe Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family, poses a global threat to poultry and wild birds due to its worldwide distribution and ability to infect various avian species [1]. Infection of birds with highly virulent strains of NDV results in immunosuppression, which at least in part results from profound depletion of lymphoid tissues [2,3].NDV has also ...