Kajetan Kalus

1. IntroductionPoland is the biggest European Union (EU) poultry meat producer. Over 2.5 million tonnes of meat was produced in 2019, an equivalent of ~17% of the total EU production [1]. Approximately 83% of the meat comes from chicken broilers. Intensive poultry production raises concerns about gaseous emissions (mainly ammonia, NH3) and its impact on workers, birds, and the environment. Additio ...

1. IntroductionBiochar (BC) is obtained via the pyrolysis of organic material. In the process, biomass is treated by heat in very low oxygen (or other oxidizers) content, where complex chemical compounds are transformed into simpler ones, eventually yielding gaseous products such as water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and also solid ...

1. IntroductionPoland has the third-largest number of laying hens in the European Union, with over 48.5 million of the birds in 2018 and 649 thousand tonnes of eggs (sixth place) produced in 2019 [1]. Such intensive poultry production carries with it an environmental impact associated with emissions of ammonia (NH3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Those gaseous emissions are of concern to w ...