Marco Larrea

1. IntroductionSalmonella enterica is one of the main causes of foodborne disease, representing a worldwide problem for public health systems [1]. This species consists of more than 2600 serovars described to date [2,3]. S. enterica serovars can cause infections in humans ranging from gastroenteritis, associated with non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS), to typhoid fever [4]. NTS are estimated to cause ...

1. IntroductionIn animal husbandry, antibiotics are principally used to prevent, control, and treat diseases. However, they have also been extensively used as growth promoters [1,2]; this practice has been banned in Europe and the U.S. [3,4] but is still widespread in other regions, especially in rural areas, where farmers tend to depend more on antibiotics. Various countries lack legislative meas ...

1. IntroductionCampylobacter jejuni has been considered one of the leading causes of human gastrointestinal diseases worldwide, with outbreaks registered both in industrialized and developing countries [1]. Campylobacter spp. colonizes the avian gut in high concentrations with few or no clinical symptoms. Hence, it has been traditionally considered commensal, although a revision of this bacteria&n ...

1. IntroductionObservational, technical, and analytical skills are necessary for veterinary physicians [1,2]. For professional praxis, for instance, observation as well as pattern recognition skills within the environment are important for detecting and treating relevant diseases and conditions [3,4]. Moreover, these skills are relevant as the environment, along with demographic factors, influence ...

1. IntroductionA major challenge for public health is the increment in resistance to common antimicrobial compounds. Consequently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is regarded as a priority, and the main goals of the World Health Organization (WHO) aim at containing this problem [1,2]. Microorganisms can develop resistance to antimicrobial agents. In bacteria, for instance, antibiotic resistance tr ...

1. IntroductionSalmonella enterica has emerged across the globe as a threat to health systems [1]. Serovars of this species can infect humans, causing diverse effects varying from typhoid fever to gastroenteritis [2]. Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is associated with millions of infections and thousands of deaths annually around the globe [3,4]. S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis are considered the ...