Bailey Wilberts

1. Introduction Astroviruses are emerging viruses in the family Astroviridae, which is divided into two genera: Avastrovirus andMamastrovirus[1]. Astroviruses are non-enveloped, 28–30 nm positive-sense, single stranded RNA viruses [2] that can cause disease and be detected in the feces from a wide variety of mammals and birds [3–9].Porcine astroviruses (PoAstVs) are genetically diverse ...

Over the past decade, Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:- has emerged as a major public health threat in Europe (1) and the United States (2). As a monophasic variant of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella I 4,[5],12:i:- was rarely identified before the mid-1990s (3). However, it has now been detected in cattle (4), poultry (5), and swine (4–6), and several human disease outbreaks ass ...