Source :Govt of Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development
Ensiling does not improve the quality of a forage. The quality of the feed that is taken out of the silo can be no better than the quality of the feed that was put into the silo.
Obtaining Samples for Quality Examination
It is extremely important that a representative sample of silage be obtained for quality determinations. How useful the analysis of silage will be is determined in large measure by analysis of silage as a whole. It how well the sample taken represents the silage is of little value to do quality evaluation of a silage sample that does not represent the silage being fed.
Forage samples for analysis should be taken as the silo is being filled. Sample each field and crop type separately. Take small sample of each load brought to the silo. As soon as possible after a load is sampled the forage should be placed in an airtight container and in a cool place such as a refrigerator or freezer. Individual samples from one field or crop type should be well mixed and a subsample taken for analysis. Enough forage to fill a container the size of a bread bag is more than adequate for laboratory analyses. The container used should be sealed to avoid moisture loss and frozen until it is submitted or mailed to a laboratory.
Avoid shipping or mailing samples at times when mail delivery may be delayed, such as close to weekends or holidays, since fresh forage samples deteriorate rapidly under warm conditions. Send the forage samples to the laboratory near harvest time rather than waiting until just before feeding or until other samples are available. All laboratories receive very large increases in sample numbers in the fall and early winter; this may result in delays if you submit your samples during that time period.
If samples have not been taken at the time of harvest, take samples as the silage is being removed from the silo. Take care to get individual samples from as many sites as possible from the face of the exposed silage and then combine them into one sample for analysis. It is also important that these samples be taken as soon as possible after the surface of the silage is exposed. When sampling upright silos, combine individual samples taken over several days.
Visual Evaluation
By itself visual examination will not provide accurate information on nutrient content of silage . However, coupled with a chemical analysis, factors such as color, odor and general appearance provide a good indication of the expected overall nutritive value. Characteristics which relate to nutritive value in grass and legume forages are listed below. The effect of the microbiological processes on the forage during ensiling needs to be evaluated, since even if the original material was of good quality the material may have ensued poorly. The following table provides some guidelines for assessing this aspect of silage quality.
Chemical and Visual Characteristics of Grasses and Legumes
Quality
Stage of maturity
Protein
ADF2
Excellent
Pre-bloom legumes
19
Under 31
40-50% leaves, less than 5% foreign material such as straw and weeds
Very Good
Early bloom legumes
17 – 19
Under 34
35-45% leaves in legumes, more than 50% leaves in grasses, less than 5-10% foreign material.
Good
50% or more of legumes in bloom, boot to head stage in grasses
13 – 17
Under 39
25-40% leaves in legumes, more than 40% foreign material leaves in grasses, less than 15%
Fair
Full bloom in legumes, grasses in head to milk stage
8 – 13
Over 39
Less than 30% leaves in legumes, grasses 30-40% leaves, or more than 10-15% foreign material.
Poor
Legumes past full bloom, grasses in dough to seed stage
Under 8
Over 42
More than 20% foreign matter in legumes, very mature forage, few leaves, etc.
Chemical Analyses
Although silage quality can be estimated by visually examining the silage, it can only be estimated accurately by chemical analysis. The most important analyses obtained from feed testing laboratories include dry matter (moisture content is calculated as 100 minus percentage dry matter), pH, crude protein content, fibre, calcium and phosphorus. Analyses for other nutrients are also available.
Feed test reports can be evaluated in the same way for silages as they can for other forages. However, if the silage has heated too much, the digestibility of protein and dry matter may be greatly reduced. If heating temperatures in excess of 40°C) has occurred, as evidence d by a charred appearance or tobacco-like odor, it is useful to have the laboratory perform an acid detergent insoluble nitrogen analysis (ADIN). in general, if the acid detergent insoluble nitrogen content of a material is above 0.3 per cent of the dry matter or 15 per cent of the total nitrogen in the forage, it is indicative that excessive heating has occurred.
Silage pH as an indicator of quality
The best single indicator of the effect of ensiling on the nutritive value of high moisture silage is pH. The relationship between pH and silage quality can be determined using the following table. In general the lower the pH the better, since it indicates that a lactic acid type of fermentation has occurred. pH is, however, not a good indicator of quality for silages which contain less than 65 per cent water.
Visual and pH Evaluations of Silage
Characteristic
Good quality
Intermediate quality
Poor quality
Poorly fermented
Overheated
Color
Bright, light green-yellow or green brown depending upon material ensiled
Yellowish green to brown green
Very dark green, blue green, grey, or brown
Brown to black
Smell
Lactic acid3 odor with no butyric4 acid odor4
Slight butyric acid and ammonia5 odor
Strong butyric acid, ammonia, odor rancid
Burnt sugar or tobacco smell
Texture
Firm, with softer material not easily rubbed from fibre
Softer material can be separated from fibre
Slimy, soft tissues easily rubbed from fibre, moldy
Usually less than 55% Depends on type of structure
pH2
Below 4.2 for wet crops, below 4.8 for wilted silages
4.6 to 5.2
Over 5.2
pH is not a reliable guide
Cause
Too much moisture, not enough plant sugars
Too much moisture and insufficient plant sugars.
Too little moisture. Poor packing. Poor sealing. Length of cut too long, slow silo filling.
Remedy
Poor fermentation may be corrected by ensiling at a lower moisture, using preservatives or sealing silo
Wilt in field or use chemical and/or microbiological additives, seal silo quickly
Pack silage to exclude air, chop finer to facilitate packing, seal silage, ensile at a higher moisture. Fill silo rapidly and cover if delayed.
1 See Silage Harvesting Section for a method for estimating moisture content of silage. 2 pH can be determined with litmus paper which can be obtained from a pharmacist or use of pH meter. 3 Lactic acid odor is similar to that of sour milk. 4 Butyric acid odor is similar to that of rancid butter or fat, putrid. 5 Ammonia odor is similar to that in some household cleansers or anhydrous ammonia.
Fermentation Products in Silage
Normally commercial laboratories do not determine the concentrations of acids or ammonia in silage. However, if this information is available it is very useful. The table below gives some characteristics of different qualities of silages.
Fermentation Products in Dry Matter and Silage Quality
Item
Silage Quality
Good
Intermediate
Poor
pH of silages with under 65% moisture
Under 4.8
Under 5.2
Over 5.2
pH of silages with over 65% moisture
Under 4.2
Under 4.5
Over 4.8
Lactic acid %
3 - 14
Variable
Variable
Butyric acid %
Under 0.2
0.2 - 0.5
Over 0.5
Proportion of total acids %
Lactic
Over 60
40 - 60
Under 40
Acetic
Under 25
25 - 40
Over 40
Butyric
Under 5
5 – 10
Over 10
Ammonia N (% of total N)
Under 10
10 – 16
Over 16
ADIN (% of total N)
Under 15
15 - 30
Over 30
1Modified fro- Rohweder, Barnes and Jorgensen. 1978 J. Animal Science 47:747. 2 ADF - acid detergent fibre is a measure of the cellulose, lignin and cutin content of forages
* Published on the Government of Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development website