Physical and Chemical Characteristics Studies During the Processing of Soybean Used in Monogastric Feeding

Introduction

Genetic evolution of production animals and the increase of food demand have required high quality and digestibility products for animal feeds use. In Brazil, especially in Paraná State, soybean has been given prominence in relation to other cultures due to sale price rises and the knowledge and adoption of production techniques (GOLDFLUS, 2001).

Glycine max (L.) Merril soybean belongs to the legume family, Papilionoideae subfamily, Glycine L genus, which is a legume from the Southeast Asia cultivated for more than five thousand years, rich in protein and oleaginous substances (unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids), and has been currently used in human and animal food (OPALINSKI et al., 2006). It has presented several applications in (agro) industries and chemical industry. As a result of being easily cultivated due to favorable topography and climate in Brazil, its planted area is in great expansion (GARCIA; MURAKAMI; BRANCO, 2000).

Soybean grain processing makes its use possible in several segments of food supplements, nutraceuticals and isoflavones, protein balance of animal feeds, adhesive, fibers, coatings, foam and agricultural fertilizers industries, among innumerous products (LUDKE et al., 2007).

Although soybean has demonstrated efficiency as protein supplements in animal feeds, several researchers warn for the existence of some problems related to its cultivation and nutritional value (HERKELMAN; CROWELL, 2003).

The standardization of the industrial process to inactivate antinutritional factors, as well as, defined laboratorial methodologies to monitor quality is a relevant variable which should be considered in the soybean nutritional evaluation. Many national researches developed by Gerber, Penz Junior and Ribeiro (2006), Rostagno et al. (2001), Goldflus (2001) and Opalinski et al. (2006) show the negative interferences of misprocessed soybean in the nutritional value of soybean to poultry and pigs. Among the antinutritional factors present in soybean grains, antitrypsin and chymotrypsin (proteases) factors, hemagglutinin (lectins), saponins, allergic factors, lipoxygenase and soluble non amylaceous polysaccharides should be mentioned. They can be distributed through the process at high temperatures with the exception of non amylaceous polysaccharides (BIELORAI; HARDUF; ALUMONT, 1997).

The necessity of thermal treatment of full fat soybean for the use as animals feed supplement besides the incentive to genetic research and selection of cultivars with low content of antinutritional factors implemented a variety of available methods in the market for full fat soybean processing aiming mainly at deactivating such factors without causing damage to nutrients.

Studies conducted by Opalinski et al. (2006) defend that among antinutritional factors, the trypsin inhibitor is the factor which is given most importance as when it is inactivated by heating, the other thermolabile factors are already controlled.

According to Zhang et al. (1993), Gerber, Penz Junior and Ribeiro (2006) suggests that in quality evaluation of soybean grains thermally processed, protein digestibility, amino acid availability, preferably lysine and metabolized energy determination, should be considered.

Material and Methods

The experiment was developed at the State University of Maringá, in Maringá/PR. The methodology, the material and the procedures adopted refer to the classification of six groups of soybean grain samples evaluated according to their physical state as follow:

Category 01 – Total Sample; Category 02 – Normal Whole Grains; Category 03 – Spoiled Whole Grains; Category 04 – Burnt Whole Grains; Category 05 – Normal Broken Grains, and Category 06 – Burnt Broken Grains.

The equipment contains two different reactors of soybean vacuum deactivation with capacity for 20 tones/hour, DELTA brand (agro industrial equipment industry Ltd). Material collection was carried out at the exit thread after the soybean deactivation process, with a total of 10 samples.

After samples acquisition, a physical classification was carried out according to the groups previously mentioned. The bromatological analyses were conducted such as Humidity, Crude Protein, Soluble Protein and Urease for each group.

Statistical analysis

The statistical analyses were processed using the System of Statistical Analyses (SAEG) developed by "Universidade Federal de Viçosa" (1992). Humidity, crude protein, soluble protein and urease values were analyzed in a totally randomized design and the averages were compared through the Tukey test at 5% probability. The statistical model used for the analysis was according to the following mathematical equation:

Y_ij = μ + T_i + e_ij

In which:

Y_ij = experimental unit observation

μ = general average

T_i = treatment

e_ij = casual error associated with each observation

Results and Discussion

The procedures adopted in this study are aimed at analyzing the quality of full fat soybean produced by a Company (cooperative) located in the West of Paraná through bromatological analyses evaluating antinutritional levels present in full fat soybean produced and used in poultry and pig feeds. Values obtained for full fat soybean are evaluated below in (Table 1).

After analyzing the results obtained, it is possible to verify that the samples participation of spoiled whole grains (02), burnt whole grains (03), normal broken grains (04), burnt broken grains (05) and impurities correspond to 23.53% of the total sample, in which the participation of each individual sample is not significant enough to influence the result of the total sample with the exception of normal broken grains, which constitute 13.57% of the sample and can have a stronger effect on the result of the bromatological analysis on full fat soybean in relation to the other variable studied (BORGES; SALVADOR; IVANOVSKI; 2003).

Table 1. Percentage of particles of deactivated soybean in the rector after grain processing (toasting).

Physical and Chemical Characteristics Studies During the Processing of Soybean Used in Monogastric Feeding - Image 1

Results of the bromatological analysis carried out in different samples of full fat soybean are presented in (Table 2) and they are in agreement with "Sindirações" standard (2002), Café et al. (2000) and Rostagno et al. (2005) for commercialization and use in poultry and pig feeds.

Humidity, crude protein, soluble protein and urease values found for the total sample were similar (P<0.05) to those obtained in the sample of normal whole grains (01). However, it can be infered that the highest participation of normal whole grains 76.47% in the total sample was responsible for the similarity among the results evaluated. On the other hand, bromatological results found for normal whole grain were mostly different (P<0.05) from those found for samples 02, 03, 04 and 05 (FEDALTO, 1993).

Table 2. Bromatological analysis of different particles of deactivated full fat soybean after processing.

Physical and Chemical Characteristics Studies During the Processing of Soybean Used in Monogastric Feeding - Image 2

Humidity and soluble protein values of burnt broken grains were low (P<0.05) in relation to those obtained for other variables studied. In contrast, sample 5 urease presented lower value than normal whole grains, but did not differ from other samples analyzed. These results are in agreement with the ones usually obtained in quality control of raw materials in animal feed factories where low soluble protein value is followed by lower values of urease (CAFÉ et al., 2000).

It is possible to infer that the biggest ratio of superficial area to burnt broken grains mass (found in smaller pieces in relation to normal whole grains) contributed to a decisive action of the reactor's temperature on these soybean particles. The highest temperature reached in these particles might be responsible for reducing the enzyme urease value (thermolabel) and hence causing Maillard undesirable reactions, those of which provide darker coloring for such particles reducing protein solubility, and consequently the availability of some amino acids, mainly lysine (BIELORAI; HARDUF; ALUMONT, 1997). However, considering that the percentage of burnt broken grains is 2.93% of the total sample, little importance should be attached to this full fat soybean sample.

The difference (P<0.05) in values of soluble protein and urease found between spoiled whole grains and normal whole grains, similar to what happened to burnt broken grains, might have occurred due to the smaller size of soybean particles of this sample as they are formed by deformed grains, which have higher ratio of superficial area to mass for contact with vapor and high temperatures reached in the digestor. This way, soybean grain temperature increases, reducing its soluble protein and urease values in relation to normal whole grain (PARSONS et al., 1992).

Soluble protein and urease of normal broken grains are in agreement with the standard for use in animal feeds for poultry and pigs (ZHANG et al., 1993). The percentage of this sample part together with normal whole grains correspond to 90% of the total sample, in which the values obtained from the other samples are of little importance for the final result of deactivated full fat soybean bromatological analyses. Although normal broken grains soluble protein value is 7% lower (P<0.05) in relation to normal whole grains, the 79.61% value obtained is adequate for inclusion in animal feeds without causing significant loss in protein and amino acid solubility ingested by animals. The reduction in values obtained for urease presented the same behavior as the one observed for soluble protein, in which absolute values were reduced in 41%. However, such value was not statistically significant (P>0.05) through the Tukey test. This fact can be explained by higher variation coefficient obtained for urease in relation to soluble protein.

Lower values of soluble protein and urease found in the analysis of normal broken grains indicate the possibility of increasing productivity of processing when reducing the ratio of surface to mass through grinding soybean grain. Cooking grains increases the surface of contact so that vapor and temperature act in a more uniform way on the processed material, in which constant values of soluble and urease can be obtained in the total sample maintaining quality standards according to data published by (ZHANG et al., 1993).

Conclusion

It is possible to conclude that samples of normal whole grains and normal broken grains constitute the biggest part (90%) of the total sample of full fat soybean which have adequate soluble and urease values for the use in poultry and pig feeds. The remaining samples are less important on soybean quality due to low participation in the total sample. Also, according to the results obtained, it can be infered that grinding soybean grain before deactivation can improve processing and obtain more uniform soluble protein and urease values and higher yield to digestors (capacity/hour).

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Physical and Chemical Characteristics Studies During the Processing of Soybean Used in Monogastric Feeding

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