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An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria

Published: June 25, 2013
By: A. M. Abdelhamid*,and Manal I. El-Barbary** (*Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Mansourah University, Egypt) ** Fish Pathology Lab., National Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Egypt.
Summary

Some pre-and probiotics as powders (mainly T-Protphyt 2000, Bio-Mos®, Superzyme Aqua, Garlen Extra 4, Diamond V® original XP, European Instand Dry Baker's Yeast, P ROBAX,  and Bio BUDS)  were laboratorial tested for their efficacy acting as bactericides for improving fish immunity. The bactericidal activity of these pre-and probiotics was tested in vitro against nine of pathogenic strains of Gram –negative and positive bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophilla, Pseudomonas aeruginose, Pseudomonas fluorescent, Vibrio sp., Klebsiella sp., Shigella sp., Salmonella sp., Proteus sp., and Escherichia coli) at two concentrations compared with oxytetracycline. The results showed positive effect of these pre-and probiotics at the two concentrations against all the tested bacteria.

Keywords: Prebiotics - Probiotics – Pathogenic bacteria – Immunity.

INTRODUCTION
Potential strategies that could be incorporated with the current management practices include the use of probiotics (Poole et al., 2007). However, specific attention is also given to modern approaches for improving or stabilizing the intestinal system and its functioning by the deliberate application of viable microbial culture, so-called "probiotics", selected for special functional proberties (Holzapfel et al., 1998). Moreover, probiotics (specific microbial feeds with potential benefits to the host), and prebiotics (dietary components such as complex carbohydrates able to change the colonic microenvironment fostering colonization with non-enteropathogens) are areas of current interest because they offer alternatives for the management of the growing problem of multiple antibiotic resistance and overwhelming infections (Josephlevy, 1998). Since, natural agriculture or organic farming is a return for the nature or working with, but not against, the nature (Abdelhamid, 2002). So, the microbiota management tools of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics have been developed and, indeed, commercialized over the few decades with the expressed purpose of increasing number of bifidobacteria and/or lactobacilli within the gastrointestinal tract (Tuohy et al., 2003). Also, Castillo (2008) mentioned that among the numerous purported health benefits attributed to probiotic bacteria, their capacity to interact with the immune system of the host. New insights even show that certain Bacillus strains are able to block the communication system of enteropathogens. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of some commercial prebiotics and probiotics (in an in vitro study) on some pathogenic bacteria. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 1st case:
The prebiotics "T-Protphyt 2000" and "Bio-Mos®":
T-Protphyt 2000 is a local product with a patent No. 23593. It consists of 15% zinc salts, 10% inorganic phosphorus, 5% dried fermentation products of Aspergillus oryzae growth, and starch as carrier up to one kilogram.  Each gram of this product contains 100 unit of phytase, 75 unit of protease, 25 unit of lipase, and 15 unit of amylase.
Bio-Mos® was gifted by the local marketing manager Vet. Med. Osamh El'Deep (Mobile: 002-0166606701). It is a natural product from Alltech®.For 15 years, Bio-Mos® has been revolutionizing animal feeding programs worldwide and is the only natural product for maintaining intestinal health supported by over 500 trials (peer-reviewed, university and practical field studies), solid market presence, quality assurance and technically sound expertise. This is why Bio-Mos® is a standard part of animal diets across the globe. Bio-Mos® is a yeast sugar derived from a select strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using a proprietary process developed by Alltech. Bio-Mos® is effective during all phases of growth. Bio-Mos® maintains intestinal health which is important for raising profitable animals. The intestinal tract is the largest organ in the body, giving rise to the largest surface area for the absorption and digestion of nutrients. Other functions of the intestinal tract include most active organ for defense system. Bio-Mos® is the brand of choice for helping animals achieve optimum performance. Everything starts with the development and maintenance of the intestinal tract. Bio-Mos® is useful for aquaculture. Bio-Mos® is Aggregate Rate Coefficient (ARC) certified as a quality control system from Alltech with every batch of Bio-Mos®. Its suggested rate for fish is 2-4 kg/ton (Proud sponsor of the Alltech FEI World Equestrian Games 2010TM, www.alltech.com, and www.Bio-Moss.com).
Bacterial strains:
Nine of Gram-negative and positive bacteria, namely Aeromonas hydrophilla, Pseudomonas aeruginose, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Vibrio sp. in addition to the Enterobacteriaceae(Klebsiella, Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, and Escherichia coli ) were used in this study, these  bacteria were isolated from Nile tilapia fish and identified by specific media and biochemical testes, except Aeromonas hydrophilla that was identified by primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Assessment of antibacterial activity of the prebiotic:
Powder samples of pre-and probiotics and tetracycline (TC) antibiotic (because of its wide antibacterial spectrum and high potency, OCT is the most commonly used antibiotic against various diseases caused by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria in fish farming) were suspended in sterile water and used at concentrations of (50 & 100 mg of either prebiotics and 30 mg of TC). Four wells were punched with a cork borer (6 mm in diameter) in plates of nutrient agar (NA) freshly seeded with 0.1 ml of 24 hr old of each tested bacterial cultures. Different concentrations of prebiotic and antibiotic were put into the wells, left one hr to allow diffusion; plates were incubated for 24hr at 37 °C. The diameter of clear zones surrounding the wells were measured and recorded expressing the antibacterial activity.
The 2nd  case:
The prebiotics "Superzyme Aqua" and "Garlen Extra 4" and the probiotic "Diamond V® original XP":
Three commercial products, namely two prebiotic (Superzyme Aqua and Garlen Extra 4, from Mediaavet, Kafer El-Sheikh) and one probiotic (Diamond V® original XP, from Egyvet, Mahala El-Koubra) from the local market were tested for their ability to act as bactericides. The 1st is a product from Norel Co., Spain, it is a natural product composed of sodium butyrate, organic and non organic acids, zinc methionine, multi-enzyme complex with mainly endo-xylanase activity (from the fermentation of the fungus Trichoderma longibranchiatum). This prebiotic acts as bactericide on pathogenic germs but enhances the growth of beneficial bacteria. The 2nd prebiotic  manufactured by Hefe Royal Eagle Co., China, is important for immunity health, containing 25% allicin, garlic extract. The 3rd product the probiotic  Diamond V® original XP is a yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) culture produced by Diamond V (Mills) Inc. Iowa, USA.
Bacterial strains:
Six of Gram-negative bacteria namely Pseudomonas sp., Vibriosp., and Klebsiella (Gram-negative rods)  and  Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ( Gram- positive cocci ) were used in this study, these bacteria were isolated from fish and identified by specific media and biochemical testes.
Assessment of antibacterial activity of the probiotics:
As in the 1st case.
The 3rd case:
The probiotics   "European Instand Dry Baker's Yeast", "P ROBAX" and  "Super Bio Buds":
European Instand Dry Baker's Yeast is a Turkish product (Saccharomycescerevisiae) from Akmaya Sanayi Ve Ticaret A.S, imported by Al-Mansoura Co., Nasr City, Cairo. P ROBAX is an Indian yeast product. Whereas, Super Bio-Buds–2 X is a natural growth promoter consists of live cell yeast: 200 million cfu/g, calcium carbonate: 49.1%, corn distillers with soluble: 49.4%, and Saccharomycescerevisiae: 1.5%. It is a product from Brookside Agra, 2768 Troxler way,Highland,IL62249U.S.A. and imported by Tap Vet,Egypt. All these products were purchased from the local market.
Bacterial strains:
As in the 2nd case.
 Assessment of antibacterial activity of the probiotics:     
As in the 1st and  2nd cases. 
RESULTS
The 1st case:
The diameter of clear zones surrounding the wells were measured and recorded expressing the antibacterial activity (Table 1 and Figs. 1 - 3).
Table 1: The antibacterial activity of aqueous prebiotics compared with TC.  
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 1
Fig. 1 (1a-3b): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of two prebiotics (a: Bio-Mos®, b: T- Protphyt 2000 at two concentrations, * = 50 µg and ** =100 µg,    respectively) compared with TC (30 µg→). (1) Vibrio sp., (2) Bacillus sp.,   (3) Enterobacter sp.
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 2
Fig. 2 (4a-6b): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of two prebiotics (a: Bio-Mos®, b: T- Protphyt 2000 at two concentrations, * = 50 µg and ** =100 µg,    respectively) compared with TC (30 µg→). (4) Staphylococcus aureus, (5) Streptococcus sp. (6)  Micrococcus sp.
 An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 3
Fig. 3 (7a-9b): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of two prebiotics (a: Bio-Mos =100 µg, respectively) compared with TC (30 µg→). (7) Pseudomonas sp., (8) ®, b: T- Protphyt 2000 at two concentrations, * = 50 µg and ** Klebsiella (9) Staphylococcus epidermidis.
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 4
The 2nd case:
The diameter of clear zones surrounding the wells were measured and recorded expressing the antibacterial activity (Table 2 and Figs. 4 – 6).  
Table 2: The antibacterial activity of aqueous probiotics compared with TC
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 5
Fig. 4 (1, 2 a-c): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of two prebiotics (a: Garlen Extra, b: Superzyme Aqua  and 3: the probiotic "Diamond V® original XP at two concentrations, 50 µg and 100 µg,    respectively) compared with TC (30 µg). (1) Micrococcus sp, (2)  Staphylococcus aureus
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 6
Fig. 5 (3, 4; a-c): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of two prebiotics (a: Garlen Extra, b: Superzyme Aqua  and 3: the probiotic "Diamond V® original XP at two concentrations,   50 µg and  100 µg,    respectively) compared with TC (30 µg). (3) Vibrio sp (4) Pseudomonas sp
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 7
Fig. 6 (5, 6 a-c): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of two prebiotics (a: Garlen  Extra, b: Superzyme Aqua  and 3: the probiotic "Diamond V® original XP at two concentrations,   50 µg and  100 µg,    respectively) compared with TC (30 µg). (5) Klebsiella (6) S. epidermidis
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 8 
The 3rd case:
The diameter of clear zones surrounding the wells were measured and recorded expressing the antibacterial activity (Table 3 and Figs. 7 – 9).
Table 3: The antibacterial activity of aqueous probiotics compared with TC
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 9
Fig. 7 (1, 2 a-c): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of three probiotic (a Yeast, b: P ROBAX  and 3 Bio BUDS at two concentrations, 50 µg and 100 µg, respectively) compared with TC (30 µg). (1) Micrococcus sp, (2)  Staphylococcus aureus
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 10
Fig. 8 (3, 4; a-c): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of three probiotic (a Yeast, b: P ROBAX  and 3 Bio BUDS at two concentrations, 50 µg and 100 µg, respectively) compared with TC (30 µg). (3) Vibrio sp, (4):  Pseudomonas sp
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 11
Fig. 9 (5,6a-c): The inhibition zones of so Fig. 9 (5,6a-c): The inhibition zones of some bacteria by action of three probiotic (a Yeast, b: P ROBAX  and 3 Bio BUDS at two concentrations, 50 µg and 100 µg,    respectively) compared with TC (30 µg).  (5) Klebsiella  ,(6): S. epidermidis
An In Vitro Study on the Effect of some Pre and Probiotics on some pathogenic Bacteria - Image 12

DISCUSSION
Sahu et al. (2008) cited that aquaculture is one of the fastest developing growth sectors in the world andAsia presently contributes about 90% to the global production. However, disease outbreaks are constraint to aquaculture production thereby affects both economic development of the country and socio-economic status of the local people in many countries of Asia-Pacific region. Disease control in aquaculture industry has been achieved by following different methods using traditional ways, synthetic chemicals and antibiotics. However, the use of such expensive chemotherapeutants for controlling diseases has been widely criticized for their negative impacts like accumulation of residues, development of drug resistance, immunosuppressants and reduced consumer preference for aqua products treated with antibiotics and traditional methods are ineffective against controlling new diseases in large aquaculture systems. Therefore, alternative methods need to be developed to maintain a healthy microbial environment in the aquaculture systems there by to maintain the health of the cultured organisms. Use of probiotics is one of such method that is gaining importance in controlling potential pathogens.
Probiotics (specific microbial feeds with potential benefits to the host), and prebiotics (dietary components such as complex carbohydrates able to change the colonic microenvironment fostering colonization with non-enteropathogens) are areas of current interest because they offer alternatives for the management of the growing problem of multiple antibiotic resistance and overwhelming infections in the hospitalized patient (Josephlevy, 1998).
The research of probiotics for aquatic animals is increasing with the demand for environment friendly aquaculture. The probiotics were defined as live microbial feed supplements that biocontrol  and antagonist pathogens. Many other beneficial effects may be expected from probiotics, e.g., stimulation of the immune system. The most promising prospects are sketched out, but considerable efforts of research will be necessary to develop the applications to aquaculture (Gatesoupe, 1999 and Castillo, 2008).
Anyhow, Verschuere et al. (2000) reviewed the probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. They cited that in aquaculture system, the immediate ambient environment has a much larger influences on the health status than with terrestrial animals or humans; since in the aquatic environment, hosts and microorganisms share the ecosystem. Much more than terrestrial animals, aquatic farmed animals are surrounded by an environment that supports their pathogens independently of the host animals, and so (opportunistic) pathogens can reach high densities around the animal. Surrounding bacteria are continuously ingested either with the feed or when the host is drinking. They concluded that probiotics enhance the immune response, improve the water quality, and interact with phytoplankton. So, Poole et al. (2007) recorded that the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens has stimulated a need to find alternatives to antimicrobials. Thus, Abdelhamid et al. (2008) used the Trichoderma viride for biological control of fungal (Saprolegnia sp. and Aspergillus ochraceus) diseases of fish.
Abd El-Rahman and El-Bana (2006) used Micrococcus luteus as a bacterial probiotic which presented in vitro and in vivo antagonistic effects against the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila. The inhibition zone to A. hydrophila was 40 mm in diameter due to M. luteus. Also, Taoka et al. (2006) indicated that probiotics treatment is promising as an alternative method to antibiotics for disease prevention in aquaculture. Moreover, Aly et al. (2008a) found that some Bacillus and Citrobacter strains isolated from Nile tilapia (B. pumilus, B. firmus, and C. freundii) showed inhibitory effects against A. hydrophila.  Also, Aly et al. (2008b) reported that the probiotic activity of two bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillusacidophilus) was evaluated by its effect on the immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), beside its protective effect against challenge infection.  The in-vitro antimicrobial assay showed that Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibited the growth of A. hydrophila. The B. subtilis inhibited the development of P. fluorescens while L. acidophilus inhibited the growth of Strept. iniae. The B. subtilis and L. acidophilus proved harmless when injected in the O. niloticus.  The serum bactericidal activity was high in the group that was given a mixture of the two bacteria. However, during the past two decades, the use of probiotics as an alternative to the use of antibiotics has shown to be promising in aquaculture, particularly in fish and shellfish larviculture (Tinh et al., 2008).
However, dietary supplementation of probiotic and vitamin C improved the immune response of fish (Nayak et al., 2007 and Panigrahi et al., 2007) as well as fish health (Panigrahi and Azad, 2007). Moreover, Abdel-Tawwab et al. (2008); Aly et al. (2008c); El-Ashram et al. (2008); Marzouk et al. (2008); Wang et al. (2008 a and b); Abd El-Aziz et al. (2009) and El-Nobi et al. (2009) studied the effect of probiotics on survival, resistance and quality of fish. Moreover, Abdelhamid et al. (2009) showed the positive effect of the prebiotic "T-Protphyt 2000" at the two concentrations against all the tested bathogenic bacteria and showed nearly no clear difference between the two concentrations of prebiotic. Also, it has a similar effect of that of the antibiotic (OTC), especially with the pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas and Pseudomonas, which showed sensitivity towards prebiotic, while the Vibrio sp. showed resistance to OTC at the two concentrations. The prebiotics T-Protphyt 2000 and Bio-Mos® (Abdelhamid et al., 2009 and 2012) improved also fish performance as a consecoence of the positive effects of the prebiotics on fish health and resistance.
Probiotic bacteria Micrococcusspecies isolated from the gonads of apparently healthy Oreochromis niloticus had antagonistic effect against the pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophilain vitro. The inhibition zone to A. hydrohpila was 47 mm in diameter due to M. species (Osman et al., 2010). Algedawy et al. (2011) concluded that the probiotic Biogen® is superior to the multienzyme mixture Natuzyme® for improving the cellular and humoral immune responses. Moreover, Dietary supplementation of B. subtilis at a dose of 1.35×107 cfu g−1 improved growth, feed efficiency ratio, non-specific immune responses and disease resistance of juvenile large yellow croaker, L. crocea (Ai et al., 2011). 
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Authors:
A.M. Abdelhamid
Mansoura University, Egypt
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William Alberto Rojas Vargas
1 de julio de 2013
Congratulations Mr. Abdelhamid, working with microorganisms (EM) in birds and I have seen advantages in nutrition and animal health. In their investigation in vitro is observed success of a technique of holistic or ecological production. You have any reference to the use of effective microorganisms (EM) of Dr. Higa?
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