Pratima Adhikari, Veterinarian, PhD (poultry)

INTRODUCTIONFeed cost accounts for approximately 60 to 70% of total production cost in the egg industry (Wilkinson, 2018). Out of this, 85% correlates to the energy and protein content of the laying hen diet (Santana et al., 2018). While reducing crude protein (CP) levels in diets may offer some advantages for the environment and reduce the feed cost, maintaining the birds’ digestive health ...