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Engormix.com / Pig Industry / Swine nutrition

Global Challenges and Opportunities Facing Production and Use of Livestock and Livestock Products

Published: January 1, 1900
By: Samuel C. Jutzi
We sincerelly thank the unconditional collaboration of the authors, and the kind disposition of the Mexican Association of Animal Nutrition (AMENA), and the Latin American College of Animal Nutrition (CLANA). Because of their support, Engormix.com brings closer the result of years of international research to the service of the animal producer.


Summary
(1) Livestock production is growing faster than other agricultural sub-sectors, and it is predicted that by 2020 livestock will produce more than half of the global agricultural output in value terms. The implications of such dynamic developments on national and international public goods, such as sustainability of the natural resource base, (veterinary) public health, and social equality are potentially very substantial; there are therefore commensurate risks to be dealt with, but also opportunities to be exploited.

(2) Increasing livestock densities in humid and warm ecologies contribute to higher frequency and exposure to animal disease agents, both endemic and epidemic, and including those of zoonotic nature. New diseases are likely to emerge and known diseases are likely to evolve biologically and epidemiologically in new and potentially dangerous ways.

(3) Intensification and industrialisation of livestock production bear the risk of soil, water and air pollution where environmental legislation is either not available or not rigorously enforced. Growing scales of production, often accelerated by the opportunity of unconstrained externalisation of societal and environmental costs of large-scale, capital intensive operations, contribute to the marginalisation of small-scale rural livestock producers despite overall expanding markets.

(4) In many parts of the world, extensive grazing systems are associated with environmental degradation due to overstocking and inappropriate herd and pasture management, with arable land encroachment and wildlife–livestock competition often exacerbating such pressure. Where rangeland is still being created through rainforest conversion, substantial environmental costs are often associated with this process.

(5) The substantial and rapid structural changes in the livestock sector require that governments and industry prepare for this continuing transformation with policies and investments that will satisfy consumer demands, improve nutrition, direct income growth opportunities to the poor, and alleviate environmental and public health stress. Such policies and investments would provide an enabling environment for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of the livestock sector through technical interventions in the areas of animal disease management, animal production and post-harvest technology while providing a ‘level playing field’ through the removal of policy distortions that create and maintain barriers primarily to smallholders for entry into markets. Of particular importance are efforts to integrate technologies in the contexts of good agricultural practices and comprehensive farm to fork approaches.

(6) Selected examples are given of collaborative inter-institutional efforts of FAO’s Livestock Programme in addressing the issues highlighted: [1] the Diversification Component of the FAO Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS); [2] the Livestock-Environment and Development Initiative (LEAD); [3] the Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Facility (PPLPF); and the FAO/OIE sponsored Global Framework for the Progressive Control of FMD and Other Transboundary Animal Diseases (GF-TADs).


Livestock production by commodity: past and projected (FAO, 2003)
 
1967/69
1987/89
1997/99
2015
2030
1969-1999
1989-1999
1995/97-2015
2015-2030
 
million tons
percent p.a.
Total meat         
World
92
166
218
300
376
2.9
2.7
1.9
1.5
excl. China
84
142
162
218
277
2.1
1.3
1.8
1.6
Developing countries
28
66
116
181
247
5.2
5.9
2.7
2.1
excl. China
21
41
60
98
147
3.8
3.9
3.0
2.7
excl. China and Brazil
18
34
47
79
123
3.5
3.3
3.1
2.9
sub-Saharan Africa
3
4
5
9
16
2.3
2.2
3.3
3.5
Latin America
10
19
28
43
58
3.5
4.5
2.6
2.1
excl. Brazil
7
11
15
24
33
2.5
3.1
2.7
2.3
Near East / North Africa
2
5
7
13
19
4.4
3.8
3.5
2.9
South Asia
3
5
7
13
23
3.7
2.8
3.6
3.9
East Asia
10
33
69
103
131
7.1
7.6
2.4
1.6
excl. China
3
8
13
21
32
5.1
4.1
3.0
2.8
Industrial countries
46
71
85
99
107
1.9
1.8
0.9
0.5
Transition countries
17
29
17
20
22
0.0
-6.4
0.8
0.8
Bovine meat         
World
38.0
53.7
58.7
74.0
88.4
1.4
0.8
1.4
1.2
Developing countries
11.8
19.3
28.0
41.2
55.0
3.0
3.8
2.3
2.0
excl. China
11.7
18.4
23.2
33.5
44.1
2.5
2.2
2.2
1.8
excl. China and Brazil
10.0
14.4
17.3
25.2
34.1
2.0
1.5
2.3
2.0
sub-Saharan Africa
1.6
2.2
2.6
4.3
6.7
1.5
1.7
3.0
3.0
Latin America
6.8
10.4
13.1
18.2
22.5
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.4
excl. Brazil
5.1
6.5
7.2
9.9
12.5
1.4
0.4
1.9
1.6
Near East / North Africa
0.7
1.3
1.8
2.8
4.1
3.2
3.4
2.4
2.6
South Asia
1.7
3.1
4.0
5.7
7.4
3.1
2.3
2.1
1.7
East Asia
1.0
2.3
6.4
10.1
14.4
6.4
11.5
2.7
2.4
excl. China
0.8
1.4
1.6
2.5
3.5
2.1
2.3
2.6
2.2
Industrial countries
19.1
23.8
25.0
26.6
26.5
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.0
Transition countries
7.0
10.6
5.7
6.3
6.9
-0.3
-7.5
0.5
0.6
Ovine meat         
World
6.6
9.1
10.8
15.3
20.1
1.9
1.4
2.1
1.8
Developing countries
3.0
5.0
7.4
11.2
15.4
3.4
3.7
2.5
2.1
sub-Saharan Africa
0.6
0.9
1.3
2.2
3.4
2.8
3.5
3.1
3.0
Near East / North Africa
0.9
1.5
1.8
2.6
3.5
2.3
1.9
2.2
2.0
South Asia
0.6
1.1
1.3
2.1
3.1
3.5
1.4
2.6
2.6
East Asia
0.4
1.1
2.5
3.8
4.8
7.0
8.1
2.6
1.5
Industrial countries
2.4
2.8
2.7
3.1
3.5
0.6
-0.8
0.9
0.8
Transition countries
1.3
1.3
0.8
0.9
1.1
-1.0
-6.4
1.3
1.1
Pig meat         
World
34.1
66.3
86.5
110.2
124.5
3.2
2.7
1.4
0.8
excl. China
28.1
46.2
48.1
57.9
66.2
1.7
0.4
1.1
0.9
Developing countries
9.7
28.0
49.3
69.5
82.8
6.1
5.7
2.0
1.2
excl. China
3.8
7.9
10.9
17.2
24.5
3.7
3.4
2.7
2.4
Latin America
1.8
3.0
3.9
6.0
7.8
2.1
3.9
2.5
1.8
excl. Brazil
1.1
1.9
2.3
3.4
4.4
1.7
2.8
2.3
1.8
East Asia
7.6
24.2
44.3
61.6
71.9
6.8
6.0
2.0
1.0
excl. China
1.6
4.0
5.9
9.3
13.6
5.1
3.3
2.8
2.5
Industrial countries
16.6
26.0
29.3
32.3
33.1
1.8
1.4
0.6
0.2
Transition countries
7.7
12.3
7.9
8.4
8.6
-0.1
-5.3
0.4
0.1
Poultry meat         
World
12.9
37.2
61.8
100.6
143.3
5.2
5.4
2.9
2.4
excl. China
12.1
34.6
51.2
81.4
117.5
4.8
4.1
2.8
2.5
Developing countries
3.3
13.2
31.3
59.1
93.5
7.9
9.4
3.8
3.1
excl. China
2.5
10.6
20.7
39.9
67.7
7.4
7.2
4.0
3.6
excl. China and Brazil
2.2
8.6
15.6
31.9
56.4
6.9
6.4
4.3
3.9
sub-Saharan Africa
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.9
4.1
3.8
2.6
4.3
5.1
Latin America
1.0
4.7
10.5
18.2
27.3
7.8
9.0
3.3
2.7
excl. Brazil
0.7
2.7
5.4
10.2
16.0
6.7
8.4
3.8
3.0
Near East / North Africa
0.4
2.1
3.2
7.1
11.6
7.7
5.2
4.7
3.3
South Asia
0.2
0.5
1.1
3.9
10.6
7.7
7.2
7.9
6.9
East Asia
1.5
5.3
15.5
27.9
39.9
8.5
11.7
3.5
2.4
excl. China
0.7
2.6
4.9
8.7
14.1
7.3
6.1
3.4
3.2
Industrial countries
8.1
18.8
27.7
37.5
44.1
4.0
3.9
1.8
1.1
Transition countries
1.5
5.2
2.9
4.1
5.7
1.6
-6.7
2.0
2.3
Milk (whole milk eq.)         
World
387
528
562
715
874
1.3
0.6
1.4
1.3
Developing countries
78
149
219
346
484
3.6
4.1
2.7
2.3
excl. China and Brazil
69
128
189
301
425
3.5
4.1
2.8
2.3
sub-Saharan Africa
8
13
16
26
39
2.7
1.9
3.0
2.8
Latin America
24
40
57
81
105
2.6
3.9
2.1
1.8
excl. Brazil
17
26
36
52
69
2.2
4.0
2.1
1.9
Near East / North Africa
14
21
28
41
56
2.3
3.1
2.2
2.1
South Asia
30
65
104
174
250
4.5
4.9
3.1
2.4
East Asia
3
10
15
25
34
6.9
4.5
2.9
2.2
excl. China
1
4
5
8
12
7.3
3.2
3.0
2.4
Industrial countries
199
236
246
269
286
0.7
0.5
0.5
0.4
Transition countries
110
144
97
100
104
-0.3
-4.6
0.2
0.2
Eggs         
World
18.7
35.6
51.7
70.4
89.9
3.4
4.2
1.8
1.6
Developing countries
4.9
16.2
33.7
50.7
69.0
7.0
8.0
2.4
2.1
excl. China
3.2
9.5
13.5
24.6
37.8
5.0
3.4
3.6
2.9
sub-Saharan Africa
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.8
3.4
3.7
2.6
4.0
4.1
Latin America
1.2
3.6
4.6
7.3
10.4
4.5
2.5
2.8
2.3
Near East / North Africa
0.4
1.5
2.2
3.6
5.3
6.0
4.1
3.0
2.6
South Asia
0.3
1.4
2.2
5.7
9.9
6.3
4.7
5.8
3.7
East Asia
2.6
9.1
23.8
32.1
40.0
8.3
10.7
1.8
1.5
excl. China
0.9
2.4
3.6
6.0
8.8
5.0
3.5
3.0
2.6
Industrial countries
10.7
12.8
13.7
14.8
15.5
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.3
Transition countries
3.1
6.5
4.3
5.0
5.5
0.7
-4.7
0.8
0.7



Examples of FAO’s collaborative efforts in livestock sector development

(7) FAO’s Strategic Framework 2000-2015 states the following five corporate strategies, to be pursued in efficient and effective partnership and alliance with its members and relevant institutions:
  • Eradication of food insecurity and rural poverty (stating the equity mandate)
  • Policy and regulatory frameworks (stating the policy brief)
  • Sustainable increases in the supply and availability of food (stating the productivity enhancement requirements)
  • Conservation, improvement and sustainable use of natural resources (stating the need to maintain sustainability of the natural resource base)
  • Improving decision-making through provision of information and assessments and fostering of knowledge management (stating the information and knowledge task).
FAO’s Animal Production and Health Division serves these corporate strategies in a balanced manner, thereby strengthening those international public goods which are most affected by livestock, i.e. social equality, sustainability of the natural resources base and (veterinary) public health. Four selected examples of the FAO’s efforts in delivering on its programme in partnership with others and in support of strengthening the contribution of the livestock sector to the International Development Goals are outlined below.


(8) Livestock and Food Security [Livestock in the Diversification Component of the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS)].
The main objective of the SPFS is to help countries, primarily LIFDCs, to improve food security both at national and at household levels - through rapid increases in food production and productivity, by reducing year-to-year variability in production - on an economically and environmentally sustainable basis and by improving people's access to food. The underlying assumption is that in most LIFDCs viable and sustainable means of increasing food availability exist but are not realized because of a range of constraints that prevent farmers from responding to needs and opportunities. By working with farmers and other stakeholders to identify and resolve such constraints - whether they are of a technical, economic, social, institutional or policy nature - and to demonstrate ways of increasing production, the SPFS should open the way for improved productivity and broader acces to food. A prominent feature of the SPFS is substantial South-South technical collaboration. The SPFS involves four complementary components: water control, intensification of crop production systems, diversification of production systems, constraints analysis and resolution. The livestock element is introduced in the diversification component and emphasises the use of short-cycled animals, such as poultry, small ruminants and pigs as they are more amenable to contributing to the target poor rural communities than large stock. The component activities encompass the entire range of technologies and processes from production and health to produce marketing. Of particular relevance is the livestock element in the Diversification Component of the SPFS in areas affected by HIV/AIDS where small animals often play a strategically important role in sustaining food security and providing income opportunities in households deprived of their active adult members. Currently 74 countries are involved in the programme with a total turn-over of 494 m$ since its inception in 1994.


(9) Livestock and the Environment.
The Livestock, Environment And Development (LEAD) Initiative is an inter-institutional project with the secretariat in FAO. The work of the Initiative targets at the protection and enhancement of natural resources as affected by livestock production while alleviating poverty. Earlier work of LEAD has identified, at a global scale, the consequences of increased pressure on grazing and mixed farming systems and the dangers of the shift to industrial modes of production. It has highlighted the close and complex interaction between government policies and the environmental impact of livestock production, and identified a large number of technologies which are available to mitigate the negative effects in all different production modes, provided the appropriate policy framework is in place. The project has as objectives
  • to improve communication and enhance the relevance of research and development issues regarding livestock-environment interactions, i.a. on the social consequences of the ongoing transformation of the livestock sector and associated resource degradation.
  • to conduct a series of pilot research and development projects in key areas of livestock-environment interactions, most notably in livestock-wildlife integration, livestock-associated deforestation and the establishment of area-wide integration of specialized crop and livestock activities.
  • to develop specific tools to facilitate decision-making on livestock-environment issues, designed to adapt general principles of improved management of livestock environment interactions to the special regional needs and conditions.
  • to facilitate the policy dialogue at country level and to provide assistance in policy formulation and incorporating novel concepts at various decision-making levels for the “mainstreaming” of livestock-environment issues within the context of overall economic and social development.
The LEAD Initiative has implemented the project "Decision Support on Livestock and Environment Issues" to provide decision-support on maximising positive and minimising negative interactions of livestock and environment. The project’s main goals are to increase awareness, knowledge and understanding of livestock and environment interactions; to identify appropriate options for livestock and environment management at regional and national level and to convey livestock and environment concepts into government and donor policies and projects.


(10) Livestock and Poverty Alleviation.

More than half of all the world’s rural poor predominantly rely on livestock for their livelihood. Whether livestock is their poverty trap or whether livestock can be an instrument for them to get out of poverty is not only dependant on whether there is overall scope for economic growth but also on whether the policy and institutional environment enables the participation of the poor in the benefits of such growth. The Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Facility (PPLPF), hosted by FAO, addresses these questions and endeavours to contribute to poverty reduction through the formulation of international and national livestock policies that will ensure equitable, safe and clean livestock farming. Unfortunately, in many countries the livestock sector is heavily distorted in favour of large-scale producers. The opportunities for broad-based poverty reduction through livestock can only be fully exploited within a policy environment which reduces existing financial, technical and cultural barriers faced by small-scale livestock keepers, and which at the same time reduces their risks and vulnerability.
The Facility will therefore, through strategic alliances that capitalize on the comparative advantage of the FAO and different partner organizations, encourage and facilitate conceptual shifts in policy objectives that:
  • Create and strengthen the capacity of the poor to act for themselves.
  • Engage the poor as partners sharing rights and responsibilities.
  • Create incentives for the poor to mobilize resources.
  • Help catalyze the formation of people’s organization.
  • Protect the assets of the poor to reduce their vulnerability.

Five regional platforms of the Facility are envisaged for S-E Asia, S-Asia, E-Africa, W-Africa, and the Andes as fora for facilitating the knowledge exchange and for networking key stakeholders with the objective of forming and nurturing the coalitions of change and expanding the range and effectiveness of pro-poor livestock policy interventions at subnational, national regional and international levels.



(11) Livestock Diseases Limiting Sector Productivity and its Contribution to International Development Goals – Global Framework for the Progressive Control of FMD and Other TADs (GF-TADs).
Devastating economic losses to livestock farmers all over the world due to major outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as FMD (1997-2001), classical swine fever in the Caribbean and Europe (1996 - 2002), rinderpest in the Somali plains (2001) and Rift Valley fever in the Arabian Peninsula (2000) have been the main stimulus for the initiative of FAO and OIE to propose the creation of a Global Framework for the progressive control of FMD and other TADs (GF-TADs).
Several international processes and institutions have emphasized the need of controlling TADs due to their devastating impact on livestock agriculture, trade and food security. The World Food Summit (WFS), November 1996, recognised the pivotal, constraining role of TADs and as result the Heads of State and Governments pledged to ‘seek to ensure effective prevention and progressive control of plant and animal pests and diseases, including especially those which are of transboundary nature, such as rinderpest, cattle tick, foot and mouth disease and desert locust,.....’. The OIE International Committee (2002), called on the OIE and the FAO to pursue an international concerted action against a number of diseases having significant effects on food security, poverty alleviation, food safety, public health and access to formal markets. The 31st Session of the FAO Conference (2001) recognized the widespread and increasing impact of epidemic animal diseases, like FMD, and stressed the need to continue the work to combat the disease at the national, regional and international level involving all relevant stakeholders. The WFS:fyl (2002), reiterated the 1996 WFS commitment and called for specific action and voluntary financial contribution to the FAO Global Trust Fund to facilitate food security programmes and combat TADs.
There is ample evidence from various studies that the risk of spread of TADs will increase unless a concerted international action is put into place for effective prevention and progressive control. This conclusion is predominantly based on predictions of an unprecedented growth of the livestock sector and consumption of livestock products, particularly in TAD-endemic developing countries. The predicted growth in livestock is expected to result in increased livestock farming in the tropical/sub-tropical zones, with trend towards large farming units, and increase in trade in livestock and livestock products through informal and formal markets regionally and internationally.

The goals of the initiative, agreed through extensive consultations with regional organisations, regional commissions and offices of FAO and OIE and partners from national agriculture systems are the following:
  • to safeguard the livestock industry of developed as well as developing countries from repeated shocks of infectious disease epidemics,
  • to improve food security and incomes of developing countries,
  • to promote safe trade in livestock and animal products at national, regional and international levels.
It is suggested that the such goals can only be achieved if the major TADs are controlled at source, which is mainly in the developing countries.
The GF-TADs programme will be developed along four main thrusts:
  • A Global Early Warning, Alert and Response System for major animal diseases to be co-managed by FAO, OIE and WHO.
  • The global thrust for progressive control of TADs using the FMD model. FMD has been selected as it was a disease identified by all regions as being important. It concerns both developed and developing countries and it offers a unique opportunity for developing good practices in disease management in all regions of the world.
  • Completion of global rinderpest eradication. This thrust builds on the success of the on-going Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP) both in terms of completing this major and unique undertaking of global eradication of an animal disease and offers opportunity for good disease management practices through lessons learned through GREP.
  • A flexible Regional Thrust to take account of the regional priorities in terms of target disease, epidemiology and strategy for progressive control of FMD and priority diseases agreed through regional consultations.

Samuel C. Jutzi,
Director, Animal Production and Health Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy



Literature
Delgado, C., M. Rosegrant, H. Steinfeld, S. Ehui and C. Courbois, 1999. Livestock to 2020: The next food revolution, Food Agriculture, and the Environment Discussion Paper 28, IFPRI, Washington, D.C.
Delgado, C. and C. Narrod, 2002. Impact of changing market forces and policies on structural change in the livestock industries of selected fast-growing countries. Draft IFPRI-FAO-LEAD research report prepared for DfID.
DFID, 2000. Halving world poverty by 2015, economic growth, equity and security. Strategies for achieving the international dveleopment targets. DFID Strategy Paper. www.dfid.gov.uk/public/what/pdf/tsp_economic.pdf
FAO, 1996. World livestock production systems: Current status, issues and trends. FAO Animal Production and Health paper 127, FAO, Rome
FAO, 1999. The Strategic Framework for FAO: 2000-2015, FAO, Rome
FAO, 2003. World agriculture: towards 2015/2030 – An FAO perspective (ed. J. Bruinsma), FAO, Rome
IFAD, 2001. Rural poverty report 2001. Oxford University Press, Oxford
LID, Livestock in Development, 1999. Livestock in poverty-focussed development. Crewkerne, Somerset, U.K
McLeod, A., and J. Leslie, 2000. Socio-economic impacts of freedom from livestock disease and export promotion in developing countries. Livestock Policy Discussion Paper No. 3, FAO, Livestock Information and Policy Branch (AGAL).
Speedy, A. 2002. Global production and consumption of animal source food. Paper submitted to Conference: Animal Source Food for Nutrition in Developing Countries, Washington DC, June 24-26, 2002
Steinfeld, H. 2002. Economic constraints on production and consumption of animal products. Paper submitted to Conference: Animal Source Food for Nutrition in Developing Countries, Washington DC, June 24-26, 2002
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