We sincerelly thank the unconditional
collaboration of the authors, and the kind disposition of the Mexican
Association of Animal Nutrition (AMENA), and the Latin American
College of Animal Nutrition (CLANA). Because of their support, Engormix.com
brings closer the result of years of international research to the service of
the animal producer.
Summary
(1) Livestock production is growing faster than other agricultural
sub-sectors, and it is predicted that by 2020 livestock will produce more than
half of the global agricultural output in value terms. The implications of such
dynamic developments on national and international public goods, such as sustainability
of the natural resource base, (veterinary) public health, and social equality
are potentially very substantial; there are therefore commensurate risks to
be dealt with, but also opportunities to be exploited.
(2) Increasing livestock densities in humid and warm ecologies
contribute to higher frequency and exposure to animal disease agents, both endemic
and epidemic, and including those of zoonotic nature. New diseases are likely
to emerge and known diseases are likely to evolve biologically and epidemiologically
in new and potentially dangerous ways.
(3) Intensification and industrialisation of livestock production
bear the risk of soil, water and air pollution where environmental legislation
is either not available or not rigorously enforced. Growing scales of production,
often accelerated by the opportunity of unconstrained externalisation of societal
and environmental costs of large-scale, capital intensive operations, contribute
to the marginalisation of small-scale rural livestock producers despite overall
expanding markets.
(4) In many parts of the world, extensive grazing systems are
associated with environmental degradation due to overstocking and inappropriate
herd and pasture management, with arable land encroachment and wildlife–livestock
competition often exacerbating such pressure. Where rangeland is still being
created through rainforest conversion, substantial environmental costs are often
associated with this process.
(5) The substantial and rapid structural changes in the livestock
sector require that governments and industry prepare for this continuing transformation
with policies and investments that will satisfy consumer demands, improve nutrition,
direct income growth opportunities to the poor, and alleviate environmental
and public health stress. Such policies and investments would provide an enabling
environment for enhancing the productivity and competitiveness of the livestock
sector through technical interventions in the areas of animal disease management,
animal production and post-harvest technology while providing a ‘level
playing field’ through the removal of policy distortions that create and
maintain barriers primarily to smallholders for entry into markets. Of particular
importance are efforts to integrate technologies in the contexts of good agricultural
practices and comprehensive farm to fork approaches.
(6) Selected examples are given of collaborative inter-institutional
efforts of FAO’s Livestock Programme in addressing the issues highlighted:
[1] the Diversification Component of the FAO Special Programme for Food Security
(SPFS); [2] the Livestock-Environment and Development Initiative (LEAD); [3]
the Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Facility (PPLPF); and the FAO/OIE sponsored Global
Framework for the Progressive Control of FMD and Other Transboundary Animal
Diseases (GF-TADs).
Livestock production by commodity: past and projected (FAO, 2003)
| |
1967/69 |
1987/89 |
1997/99 |
2015 |
2030 |
1969-1999 |
1989-1999 |
1995/97-2015 |
2015-2030 |
| |
million tons |
percent p.a. |
| Total meat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
92 |
166 |
218 |
300 |
376 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
1.5 |
excl. China |
84 |
142 |
162 |
218 |
277 |
2.1 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
| Developing countries |
28 |
66 |
116 |
181 |
247 |
5.2 |
5.9 |
2.7 |
2.1 |
excl. China |
21 |
41 |
60 |
98 |
147 |
3.8 |
3.9 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
excl. China and Brazil |
18 |
34 |
47 |
79 |
123 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
| sub-Saharan Africa |
3 |
4 |
5 |
9 |
16 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
3.3 |
3.5 |
| Latin America |
10 |
19 |
28 |
43 |
58 |
3.5 |
4.5 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
excl. Brazil |
7 |
11 |
15 |
24 |
33 |
2.5 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
| Near East / North Africa |
2 |
5 |
7 |
13 |
19 |
4.4 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
2.9 |
| South Asia |
3 |
5 |
7 |
13 |
23 |
3.7 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
3.9 |
| East Asia |
10 |
33 |
69 |
103 |
131 |
7.1 |
7.6 |
2.4 |
1.6 |
excl. China |
3 |
8 |
13 |
21 |
32 |
5.1 |
4.1 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
| Industrial countries |
46 |
71 |
85 |
99 |
107 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
| Transition countries |
17 |
29 |
17 |
20 |
22 |
0.0 |
-6.4 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
| Bovine meat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
38.0 |
53.7 |
58.7 |
74.0 |
88.4 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
1.4 |
1.2 |
| Developing countries |
11.8 |
19.3 |
28.0 |
41.2 |
55.0 |
3.0 |
3.8 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
excl. China |
11.7 |
18.4 |
23.2 |
33.5 |
44.1 |
2.5 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
excl. China and Brazil |
10.0 |
14.4 |
17.3 |
25.2 |
34.1 |
2.0 |
1.5 |
2.3 |
2.0 |
| sub-Saharan Africa |
1.6 |
2.2 |
2.6 |
4.3 |
6.7 |
1.5 |
1.7 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
| Latin America |
6.8 |
10.4 |
13.1 |
18.2 |
22.5 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
excl. Brazil |
5.1 |
6.5 |
7.2 |
9.9 |
12.5 |
1.4 |
0.4 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
| Near East / North Africa |
0.7 |
1.3 |
1.8 |
2.8 |
4.1 |
3.2 |
3.4 |
2.4 |
2.6 |
| South Asia |
1.7 |
3.1 |
4.0 |
5.7 |
7.4 |
3.1 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
| East Asia |
1.0 |
2.3 |
6.4 |
10.1 |
14.4 |
6.4 |
11.5 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
excl. China |
0.8 |
1.4 |
1.6 |
2.5 |
3.5 |
2.1 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
| Industrial countries |
19.1 |
23.8 |
25.0 |
26.6 |
26.5 |
0.6 |
0.6 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
| Transition countries |
7.0 |
10.6 |
5.7 |
6.3 |
6.9 |
-0.3 |
-7.5 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
| Ovine meat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
6.6 |
9.1 |
10.8 |
15.3 |
20.1 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
| Developing countries |
3.0 |
5.0 |
7.4 |
11.2 |
15.4 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
| sub-Saharan Africa |
0.6 |
0.9 |
1.3 |
2.2 |
3.4 |
2.8 |
3.5 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
| Near East / North Africa |
0.9 |
1.5 |
1.8 |
2.6 |
3.5 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
| South Asia |
0.6 |
1.1 |
1.3 |
2.1 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
1.4 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
| East Asia |
0.4 |
1.1 |
2.5 |
3.8 |
4.8 |
7.0 |
8.1 |
2.6 |
1.5 |
| Industrial countries |
2.4 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
3.5 |
0.6 |
-0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
| Transition countries |
1.3 |
1.3 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
1.1 |
-1.0 |
-6.4 |
1.3 |
1.1 |
| Pig meat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
34.1 |
66.3 |
86.5 |
110.2 |
124.5 |
3.2 |
2.7 |
1.4 |
0.8 |
| excl. China |
28.1 |
46.2 |
48.1 |
57.9 |
66.2 |
1.7 |
0.4 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
| Developing countries |
9.7 |
28.0 |
49.3 |
69.5 |
82.8 |
6.1 |
5.7 |
2.0 |
1.2 |
excl. China |
3.8 |
7.9 |
10.9 |
17.2 |
24.5 |
3.7 |
3.4 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
| Latin America |
1.8 |
3.0 |
3.9 |
6.0 |
7.8 |
2.1 |
3.9 |
2.5 |
1.8 |
excl. Brazil |
1.1 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
3.4 |
4.4 |
1.7 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
1.8 |
| East Asia |
7.6 |
24.2 |
44.3 |
61.6 |
71.9 |
6.8 |
6.0 |
2.0 |
1.0 |
excl. China |
1.6 |
4.0 |
5.9 |
9.3 |
13.6 |
5.1 |
3.3 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
| Industrial countries |
16.6 |
26.0 |
29.3 |
32.3 |
33.1 |
1.8 |
1.4 |
0.6 |
0.2 |
| Transition countries |
7.7 |
12.3 |
7.9 |
8.4 |
8.6 |
-0.1 |
-5.3 |
0.4 |
0.1 |
| Poultry meat |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
12.9 |
37.2 |
61.8 |
100.6 |
143.3 |
5.2 |
5.4 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
excl. China |
12.1 |
34.6 |
51.2 |
81.4 |
117.5 |
4.8 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
| Developing countries |
3.3 |
13.2 |
31.3 |
59.1 |
93.5 |
7.9 |
9.4 |
3.8 |
3.1 |
excl. China |
2.5 |
10.6 |
20.7 |
39.9 |
67.7 |
7.4 |
7.2 |
4.0 |
3.6 |
excl. China and Brazil |
2.2 |
8.6 |
15.6 |
31.9 |
56.4 |
6.9 |
6.4 |
4.3 |
3.9 |
| sub-Saharan Africa |
0.3 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
1.9 |
4.1 |
3.8 |
2.6 |
4.3 |
5.1 |
| Latin America |
1.0 |
4.7 |
10.5 |
18.2 |
27.3 |
7.8 |
9.0 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
excl. Brazil |
0.7 |
2.7 |
5.4 |
10.2 |
16.0 |
6.7 |
8.4 |
3.8 |
3.0 |
| Near East / North Africa |
0.4 |
2.1 |
3.2 |
7.1 |
11.6 |
7.7 |
5.2 |
4.7 |
3.3 |
| South Asia |
0.2 |
0.5 |
1.1 |
3.9 |
10.6 |
7.7 |
7.2 |
7.9 |
6.9 |
| East Asia |
1.5 |
5.3 |
15.5 |
27.9 |
39.9 |
8.5 |
11.7 |
3.5 |
2.4 |
excl. China |
0.7 |
2.6 |
4.9 |
8.7 |
14.1 |
7.3 |
6.1 |
3.4 |
3.2 |
| Industrial countries |
8.1 |
18.8 |
27.7 |
37.5 |
44.1 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
1.8 |
1.1 |
| Transition countries |
1.5 |
5.2 |
2.9 |
4.1 |
5.7 |
1.6 |
-6.7 |
2.0 |
2.3 |
| Milk (whole milk eq.) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
387 |
528 |
562 |
715 |
874 |
1.3 |
0.6 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
| Developing countries |
78 |
149 |
219 |
346 |
484 |
3.6 |
4.1 |
2.7 |
2.3 |
excl. China and Brazil |
69 |
128 |
189 |
301 |
425 |
3.5 |
4.1 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
| sub-Saharan Africa |
8 |
13 |
16 |
26 |
39 |
2.7 |
1.9 |
3.0 |
2.8 |
| Latin America |
24 |
40 |
57 |
81 |
105 |
2.6 |
3.9 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
| excl. Brazil |
17 |
26 |
36 |
52 |
69 |
2.2 |
4.0 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
| Near East / North Africa |
14 |
21 |
28 |
41 |
56 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
| South Asia |
30 |
65 |
104 |
174 |
250 |
4.5 |
4.9 |
3.1 |
2.4 |
| East Asia |
3 |
10 |
15 |
25 |
34 |
6.9 |
4.5 |
2.9 |
2.2 |
excl. China |
1 |
4 |
5 |
8 |
12 |
7.3 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
| Industrial countries |
199 |
236 |
246 |
269 |
286 |
0.7 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.4 |
| Transition countries |
110 |
144 |
97 |
100 |
104 |
-0.3 |
-4.6 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
| Eggs |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| World |
18.7 |
35.6 |
51.7 |
70.4 |
89.9 |
3.4 |
4.2 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
| Developing countries |
4.9 |
16.2 |
33.7 |
50.7 |
69.0 |
7.0 |
8.0 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
excl. China |
3.2 |
9.5 |
13.5 |
24.6 |
37.8 |
5.0 |
3.4 |
3.6 |
2.9 |
| sub-Saharan Africa |
0.3 |
0.7 |
0.9 |
1.8 |
3.4 |
3.7 |
2.6 |
4.0 |
4.1 |
| Latin America |
1.2 |
3.6 |
4.6 |
7.3 |
10.4 |
4.5 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.3 |
| Near East / North Africa |
0.4 |
1.5 |
2.2 |
3.6 |
5.3 |
6.0 |
4.1 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
| South Asia |
0.3 |
1.4 |
2.2 |
5.7 |
9.9 |
6.3 |
4.7 |
5.8 |
3.7 |
| East Asia |
2.6 |
9.1 |
23.8 |
32.1 |
40.0 |
8.3 |
10.7 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
excl. China |
0.9 |
2.4 |
3.6 |
6.0 |
8.8 |
5.0 |
3.5 |
3.0 |
2.6 |
| Industrial countries |
10.7 |
12.8 |
13.7 |
14.8 |
15.5 |
0.6 |
0.9 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
| Transition countries |
3.1 |
6.5 |
4.3 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
0.7 |
-4.7 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Examples of FAO’s collaborative efforts in livestock sector development
(7) FAO’s Strategic Framework 2000-2015 states the following
five corporate strategies, to be pursued in efficient and effective partnership
and alliance with its members and relevant institutions:
- Eradication of food insecurity and rural poverty (stating the equity mandate)
- Policy and regulatory frameworks (stating the policy brief)
- Sustainable increases in the supply and availability of food (stating the
productivity enhancement requirements)
- Conservation, improvement and sustainable use of natural resources (stating
the need to maintain sustainability of the natural resource base)
- Improving decision-making through provision of information and assessments
and fostering of knowledge management (stating the information and knowledge
task).
FAO’s Animal Production and Health Division serves these corporate strategies
in a balanced manner, thereby strengthening those international public goods
which are most affected by livestock, i.e. social equality, sustainability of
the natural resources base and (veterinary) public health. Four selected examples
of the FAO’s efforts in delivering on its programme in partnership with
others and in support of strengthening the contribution of the livestock sector
to the International Development Goals are outlined below.
(8) Livestock and Food Security [Livestock in the Diversification Component
of the Special Programme for Food Security (SPFS)].
The main objective of the SPFS is to help countries, primarily LIFDCs, to improve
food security both at national and at household levels - through rapid increases
in food production and productivity, by reducing year-to-year variability in
production - on an economically and environmentally sustainable basis and by
improving people's access to food. The underlying assumption is that in most
LIFDCs viable and sustainable means of increasing food availability exist but
are not realized because of a range of constraints that prevent farmers from
responding to needs and opportunities. By working with farmers and other stakeholders
to identify and resolve such constraints - whether they are of a technical,
economic, social, institutional or policy nature - and to demonstrate ways of
increasing production, the SPFS should open the way for improved productivity
and broader acces to food. A prominent feature of the SPFS is substantial South-South
technical collaboration. The SPFS involves four complementary components: water
control, intensification of crop production systems, diversification of production
systems, constraints analysis and resolution. The livestock element is introduced
in the diversification component and emphasises the use of short-cycled animals,
such as poultry, small ruminants and pigs as they are more amenable to contributing
to the target poor rural communities than large stock. The component activities
encompass the entire range of technologies and processes from production and
health to produce marketing. Of particular relevance is the livestock element
in the Diversification Component of the SPFS in areas affected by HIV/AIDS where
small animals often play a strategically important role in sustaining food security
and providing income opportunities in households deprived of their active adult
members. Currently 74 countries are involved in the programme with a total turn-over
of 494 m$ since its inception in 1994.
(9) Livestock and the Environment.
The Livestock, Environment And Development (LEAD) Initiative is an inter-institutional
project with the secretariat in FAO. The work of the Initiative targets at the
protection and enhancement of natural resources as affected by livestock production
while alleviating poverty. Earlier work of LEAD has identified, at a global
scale, the consequences of increased pressure on grazing and mixed farming systems
and the dangers of the shift to industrial modes of production. It has highlighted
the close and complex interaction between government policies and the environmental
impact of livestock production, and identified a large number of technologies
which are available to mitigate the negative effects in all different production
modes, provided the appropriate policy framework is in place. The project has
as objectives
- to improve communication and enhance the relevance of research and development
issues regarding livestock-environment interactions, i.a. on the social consequences
of the ongoing transformation of the livestock sector and associated resource
degradation.
- to conduct a series of pilot research and development projects in key areas
of livestock-environment interactions, most notably in livestock-wildlife
integration, livestock-associated deforestation and the establishment of area-wide
integration of specialized crop and livestock activities.
- to develop specific tools to facilitate decision-making on livestock-environment
issues, designed to adapt general principles of improved management of livestock
environment interactions to the special regional needs and conditions.
- to facilitate the policy dialogue at country level and to provide assistance
in policy formulation and incorporating novel concepts at various decision-making
levels for the “mainstreaming” of livestock-environment issues
within the context of overall economic and social development.
The LEAD Initiative has implemented the project "Decision
Support on Livestock and Environment Issues" to provide decision-support
on maximising positive and minimising negative interactions of livestock and
environment. The project’s main goals are to increase awareness, knowledge
and understanding of livestock and environment interactions; to identify appropriate
options for livestock and environment management at regional and national level
and to convey livestock and environment concepts into government and donor policies
and projects.
(10) Livestock and Poverty Alleviation.
More than half of all the world’s rural poor predominantly rely on livestock
for their livelihood. Whether livestock is their poverty trap or whether livestock
can be an instrument for them to get out of poverty is not only dependant on
whether there is overall scope for economic growth but also on whether the policy
and institutional environment enables the participation of the poor in the benefits
of such growth. The Pro-Poor Livestock Policy Facility (PPLPF), hosted by FAO,
addresses these questions and endeavours to contribute to poverty reduction
through the formulation of international and national livestock policies that
will ensure equitable, safe and clean livestock farming. Unfortunately, in many
countries the livestock sector is heavily distorted in favour of large-scale
producers. The opportunities for broad-based poverty reduction through livestock
can only be fully exploited within a policy environment which reduces existing
financial, technical and cultural barriers faced by small-scale livestock keepers,
and which at the same time reduces their risks and vulnerability.
The Facility will therefore, through strategic alliances that capitalize on
the comparative advantage of the FAO and different partner organizations, encourage
and facilitate conceptual shifts in policy objectives that:
- Create and strengthen the capacity of the poor to act for themselves.
- Engage the poor as partners sharing rights and responsibilities.
- Create incentives for the poor to mobilize resources.
- Help catalyze the formation of people’s organization.
- Protect the assets of the poor to reduce their vulnerability.
Five regional platforms of the Facility are envisaged for S-E Asia, S-Asia,
E-Africa, W-Africa, and the Andes as fora for facilitating the knowledge exchange
and for networking key stakeholders with the objective of forming and nurturing
the coalitions of change and expanding the range and effectiveness of pro-poor
livestock policy interventions at subnational, national regional and international
levels.
(11) Livestock Diseases Limiting Sector Productivity and its Contribution
to International Development Goals – Global Framework for the Progressive
Control of FMD and Other TADs (GF-TADs).
Devastating economic losses to livestock farmers all over the world due to
major outbreaks of transboundary animal diseases (TADs) such as FMD (1997-2001),
classical swine fever in the Caribbean and Europe (1996 - 2002), rinderpest
in the Somali plains (2001) and Rift Valley fever in the Arabian Peninsula (2000)
have been the main stimulus for the initiative of FAO and OIE to propose the
creation of a Global Framework for the progressive control of FMD and other
TADs (GF-TADs).
Several international processes and institutions have emphasized the need of
controlling TADs due to their devastating impact on livestock agriculture, trade
and food security. The World Food Summit (WFS), November 1996, recognised the
pivotal, constraining role of TADs and as result the Heads of State and Governments
pledged to ‘seek to ensure effective prevention and progressive control
of plant and animal pests and diseases, including especially those which are
of transboundary nature, such as rinderpest, cattle tick, foot and mouth disease
and desert locust,.....’. The OIE International Committee (2002),
called on the OIE and the FAO to pursue an international concerted action against
a number of diseases having significant effects on food security, poverty alleviation,
food safety, public health and access to formal markets. The 31st Session of
the FAO Conference (2001) recognized the widespread and increasing impact of
epidemic animal diseases, like FMD, and stressed the need to continue the work
to combat the disease at the national, regional and international level involving
all relevant stakeholders. The WFS:fyl (2002), reiterated the 1996 WFS commitment
and called for specific action and voluntary financial contribution to the FAO
Global Trust Fund to facilitate food security programmes and combat TADs.
There is ample evidence from various studies that the risk of spread of TADs
will increase unless a concerted international action is put into place for
effective prevention and progressive control. This conclusion is predominantly
based on predictions of an unprecedented growth of the livestock sector and
consumption of livestock products, particularly in TAD-endemic developing countries.
The predicted growth in livestock is expected to result in increased livestock
farming in the tropical/sub-tropical zones, with trend towards large farming
units, and increase in trade in livestock and livestock products through informal
and formal markets regionally and internationally.
The goals of the initiative, agreed through extensive consultations with regional
organisations, regional commissions and offices of FAO and OIE and partners
from national agriculture systems are the following:
- to safeguard the livestock industry of developed as well as developing
countries from repeated shocks of infectious disease epidemics,
- to improve food security and incomes of developing countries,
- to promote safe trade in livestock and animal products at national, regional
and international levels.
It is suggested that the such goals can only be achieved if the major TADs
are controlled at source, which is mainly in the developing countries.
The GF-TADs programme will be developed along four main thrusts:
- A Global Early Warning, Alert and Response System for major animal diseases
to be co-managed by FAO, OIE and WHO.
- The global thrust for progressive control of TADs using the FMD model. FMD
has been selected as it was a disease identified by all regions as being important.
It concerns both developed and developing countries and it offers a unique
opportunity for developing good practices in disease management in all regions
of the world.
- Completion of global rinderpest eradication. This thrust builds on the
success of the on-going Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP) both
in terms of completing this major and unique undertaking of global eradication
of an animal disease and offers opportunity for good disease management practices
through lessons learned through GREP.
- A flexible Regional Thrust to take account of the regional priorities in
terms of target disease, epidemiology and strategy for progressive control
of FMD and priority diseases agreed through regional consultations.
Samuel C. Jutzi,
Director, Animal Production and Health
Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), Rome,
Italy
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