Nitrate and Prussic Acid Toxicity Risk to Cattle Health
Date of publication : 7/21/2008
Source : Virginia Cooperative Extension Livestock Update
Nitrate and Prussic Acid are 2 substances which normally are not a concern. However, under drought conditions (actually as we come out of drought), they can emerge with a vengeance. Let's take each one separately and outline the issues and strategies.
Prussic acid is formally known as hydrocyanic acid, and as the name implies, is a cyanide-containing compound. It is only produced by certain plants, but under conditions of plant stress, those plants can produce the problem. Cattle ingest the plant, and during the process of digestion the cyanide compound is released.
The cyanide, once it is absorbed, enters the cells of the animal and interferes with normal respiration at that level. Basically, the animal's blood carries oxygen, but the cell doesn't take in the oxygen because the cyanide is already there. Thus, the animal experiences what is known as hypoxia, or is oxygen starved. When large amounts are consumed, the animal experiences muscle tremors and dies within a few minutes. When smaller amounts are eaten over a longer period of time, the animal salivates, has increased breathing rate, then experiences muscle tremors, and finally staggers, struggles, and collapses. The mucous membranes of the animal are bright red, since the blood is fully oxygenated.
In Virginia, there are 2 families of plants which produce this problem. One is the Sorghum family, including both forage sorghum and grain sorghum, Sudan grass, and Johnsongrass. The other is the Prunus family, with wild black cherry, choke cherry, and pin cherry. Finally, flax is another problem plant.
Key factors which increase the concentration of the cyanide toxin:
* New, young, rapidly growing plants
* Mature plants that are stressed due to such factors as
- Drought
- Frost
- Wilting and Trampling
- Herbicide damage
- Heavy nitrogen fertilization
- Plant disease conditions
Prussic Acid is reduced in the susceptible plants by
* Making hay rather than grazing (Ensiling has less effect on prussic acid content)
* Allow plants a week or more to return to normal growth after rain
* Allow plants to attain at least a height of 18 inches before use
* Allow a week or more after frost before using
To recap the Prussic acid situation, it is only certain plants which produce the toxin when stressed, or in new, young growth. Under normal growing conditions the susceptible plants do not contain dangerous levels. Signs in the cattle are related to oxygen-starvation and muscle control problems.
Nitrate Toxicity is another problem which occurs under many of the same environmental conditions. However, it is not restricted to certain plant families. Almost any plant can accumulate nitrate. The problem comes from plants taking up nitrate from the soil (this occurs naturally under normal growing conditions), but the plant's growth is impaired, thus the nitrate accumulates rather than being converted to plant protein. When the ruminant animal consumes large amounts of nitrate, it is converted to nitrite in the rumen, and absorbed. It ultimately interferes with the ability of the hemoglobin molecule to take up oxygen, thus the animal is oxygen starved. Consequently, the animal symptoms of nitrate toxicity and of prussic acid poisoning are almost the same. In addition to these symptoms animals can also experience reduced growth, increased susceptibility to infection, and abortions.
Conditions contributing to nitrate toxicity are those associated with plants that grow fast, often with high levels of nitrogen fertilizer, and abnormal growth conditions or plant stress. Specifically, these factors increase the chances of nitrate toxicity:
* High nitrogen fertilization
* Cool, cloudy growing conditions
* Plant stress, such as
- Drought
- Herbicide damage
- Frost
- Plant Disease
* High nitrate levels in water
Plants which are especially prone to generate nitrate toxicity under these conditions include corn, other annual grasses such as oats, sorghum, millet, rye, various weeds such as lambsquarter, pigweed, kochia, dock, and Johnsongrass. Perennial grasses, including fescue, orchardgrass, and matua brome have been known to accumulate nitrate to toxic levels.
The likelihood of nitrate toxicity occurring is reduced when plants are growing under normal conditions. Once rain freshens up plants following a drought, there is a short period of heightened nitrate level. Allow a week or more of normal growth following rain to enable the plant to metabolize the nitrate that is taken up. Ensiling reduces the nitrate level by around 50%. Hay-making has little effect on the nitrate level in a plant.
Cattle can consume certain levels of nitrate safely. Due to the risk of abortions, pregnant animals cannot be fed levels which may be safe for the non pregnant female. High nitrate feeds can be diluted with feeds which are low in nitrate to make a total diet that is safe. See table 1 for guideline values for nitrate content in the diet.
Table 1. Guidelines for Use of Nitrate-Containing Feeds
|
Nitrate Ion, % |
Nitrate Nitrogen, ppm |
Feeding Recommendation |
|
0 - 0.44 |
< 1000 |
Safe under all conditions. |
|
0.44 - 0.66 |
1000 - 1500 |
Safe for Non Pregnant.
Max 50% of DM for Pregnant Animals. |
|
0.66 - 0.88 |
1500 - 2000 |
Max 50% of DM. |
|
0.88 - 1.54 |
2000 - 3500 |
Max 40% of DM. Not for Pregnant Animals. |
|
1.54 - 1.76 |
3500 - 4000 |
Max 25% of DM. Not for Pregnant Animals. |
|
Over 1.76 |
> 4000 |
Do Not Feed. |
Feed laboratories conduct nitrate analyses routinely. Virginia Cooperative Extension Agents can assist with sampling and submission of samples for nitrate testing.
Corn silage is a special concern, due to the fact that so much material is harvested and stored in a short time period. Corn should not be harvested until relatively safe conditions have occurred. Then, a producer should submit a sample of fresh chopped corn for nitrate analysis before the material goes into the silo. Based on that analysis, the post-fermentation silage should also be analyzed before feeding. Remember, a portion of the nitrate will be converted to safe substances during the fermentation process.
Several good fact sheets and references are available on this topic. Below is an abbreviated list of these publications.
References
The Merck Veterinary Manual.2006; Merck & Co., Inc. Whitehouse Station NJ, USA. Available on-line at http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/index.jsp
Nitrate and Prussic Acid Toxicity in Forage. MF 1018. Cooperative Extension Service, Kansas State University, Manhattan. Available on-line at http://www.oznet.ksu.edu/library/crpsl2/MF1018.PDF
Precautions When Utilizing Sorghum / Sudan Crops as Cattle Feed . 2006. University of Missouri Extension. Available on-line at http://agebb.missouri.edu/drought/sudan.htm
By Dr. Mark L. Wahlberg Extension Animal Scientist, VA Tech
Livestock Update newsletter - Virginia Cooperative Extension
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